The influence of inlet swirl intensity and hot-streak on aerodynamics and thermal characteristics of a high pressure turbine vane

In modern gas turbines, the High Pressure Turbine (HPT) is exposed to an extreme thermal environment due to the burned gases leaving the combustor. The burned gases are characterized by flow and temperature distortions that effect the aerodynamics and heat transfer of the turbine. The purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically the effect of the intensity of the swirling flow combined with the temperature non-uniformity “Hot-Streak” (H-S) on the aerothermal performances of a HPT Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV). The investigations are conducted on the solid untwisted NGV annular cascade developed in NASA Lewis Research Center. Four swirl intensities (|S_n| = 0, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5), two swirl orientations (positive and negative) and two hot-streaks (rounded and radial) at the NGV inlet are considered. The simulations are done by solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using ANSYS-CFX software. The results show that the H-S with swirl undergoes twisting following the orientation of the swirl. The H-S twist is aggressive under positive swirl compared to the negative swirl case. The inlet swirl generates a new secondary flow structure, so called Swirl Vortex (SV), which induces more aerodynamic losses. The aerodynamic efficiency under negative swirl found to be higher than that under positive swirl. The maximum temperature on the vane surface is controlled by the radial transport of the SV towards the endwalls.     

Effects of swirl and hot streak on thermal performances of a high-pressure turbine

Advanced civil aero-engines tend to adopt lean burn combustors to meet emission requirements. The exit of a lean burn combustor experiences highly non-uniformities in both temperature (Hot Streak, HS) and flow (swirl). This paper presents a numerical investigation on the behaviors of a High-Pressure (HP) turbine under a combined effect of swirl and hot streak. The investigation was conducted on a GE-E3 HP turbine with unsteady numerical simulations, which considered the realistic clocking position of the HP Nozzle Guide Vane (NGV) relative to the combustor. The influences of swirl orientations on the HS migration and thermal performances on the blade surface were examined. Results indicate that, inside the NGV passage, the swirl’s induced incidence angle effect dominates the HS radial migration. The transversal movement of HS follows the cross flow and thus makes itself approach the Suction Side (SS) and keep away from the Pressure Side (PS) as passing through the NGV, so that HS near the SS is more influenced by the incidence angle effect than that near the PS. As for the heat transfer, swirl affects the Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) on the NGV’s PS and SS mainly through the incidence angle effect. Different from the NGV, the inlet swirl and HS have limited effect on the HTC on the rotor blade’s PS, while on the rotor blade’s SS, the original vortex system dominates; therefore, the inlet non-uniformities merely enhance the HTC on the SS rather than alter its distribution characteristics.     

跨声速压气机转子叶尖非定常流动的数值模拟

为了进一步加深对转子叶尖区域非定常流动现象的认识,针对某一跨声速单转子轴流压气机,采用三维非定常数值方法开展了详细研究。对单转子在不同进气条件以及不同工作流量下分别进行非定常模拟,来研究该转子叶尖区域复杂流动结构以及叶尖非定常流动的发展过程。结果表明:不同进气条件下,转子叶尖区域流场结构形式表现不同.当进口非轴向进气时,叶尖非定常流动呈单通道周期形式;而轴向进气时,叶尖区域出现了类似于“旋转不稳定”的沿周向传播的非定常流动现象,且随着工作流量的减小,叶尖区域流场结构也相应发生改变.      

Precessing motion in stratified radial swirl flow

Vortex/flame interaction is an important mechanism for unsteady combustion in a swirl combustion system. Technology of low emission stirred swirl(Te LESS), which is characterized with stratified swirl flow, has been developed in Beihang University to reduce NOXemission. However,large-scale flow structure would be induced in strong swirl flow. Experiments and computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation were carried out to investigate the unsteady flow feature and its mechanism in Te LESS combustor. Hotwire was firstly applied to testing the unsteady flow feature and a distinct mode with 2244 Hz oscillation frequency occurred at the pilot swirl outlet.The flow mode amplitude decayed convectively. Large eddy simulation(LES) was then applied to predicting this flow mode and know about its mechanism. The deviation of mode prediction compared with hotwire test was 0.8%. The spiral isobaric structure in pilot flow passage indicates that precessing vortex core(PVC) existed. The velocity spectrum and phase lag analysis suggest that the periodic movement at the pilot outlet was dominated by precessing movement. Negative tangential momentum gradient reflects that the swirl flow was unstable. Another phenomenon was found out that the PVC movement was intermittently rotated along the symmetric axis.     

封严流对预旋供气系统温降特性影响的数值研究

为获得封严流对预旋供气系统温降特性的影响,基于三维稳态数值模拟方法,针对内封严出气流量,内封严进气流量,内封严进气温度和内封严进气旋转比四个因素进行了研究。结果表明：在保持供气流量和供气压力一定的条件下,封严流流出预旋腔对预旋供气系统温降特性影响微小;而封严流流入预旋腔的影响显著。内封严进气流量从0增大到喷嘴流量的20%时,温降效率降低31.3%;内封严进气温度升高37K时,温降效率降低29.2%;内封严进气旋转比从0提高到0.8时,温降效率提高15.6%。     

采用flamelet模型分析旋流杯燃烧室近贫油熄火点

针对进口温度388 K不变,不同进气速度下对旋流杯燃烧室常压模化实验得到的贫油熄火油气比数据,采用带有详细化学机理的非预混flamelet燃烧模型进行数值模拟,对近贫油熄火点的局部热态流场进行了分析.结果表明:近贫油熄火点时刻,随着油气比的下降,回流涡旋中心和高温度区分离,回流区内气流温度下降,着火点后移,点火距离增加;进气速度的增加和燃油流量的下降,使得回流区回流量增加,回流涡旋中心两侧温差加大,而着火点更靠后,增加了对这种变化的耐受性.      

驻涡燃烧室掺混孔对流量分配及燃烧性能的影响

数值模拟了三种不同掺混孔面积对二元模型驻涡燃烧室试验器流量分配的影响,并在进口马赫数约为0.3、进口温度约为540 K工况条件下,分别对其进行了试验研究,对比分析了它们的总压损失、贫熄边界和燃烧效率.研究表明:掺混孔面积对流量分配影响较大,在本试验条件下,掺混孔面积较大的驻涡燃烧室试验器的燃烧性能优于其余两种.      

燃烧室涡轮交互作用尺度自适应模拟

为了揭示燃烧室涡轮交互作用机理,采用尺度自适应模拟方法对某航空发动机燃烧室和燃气涡轮开展了跨部件联合数值模拟研究,分析了燃气涡轮导叶对燃烧室内部流场和温度场的影响、燃烧室出口速度分布和热斑对涡轮气动和传热的影响。结果表明:尺度自适应模拟方法在预测燃烧室和燃气涡轮部件性能方面具有较高精度,并能有效捕捉燃烧室及涡轮流道中的复杂涡系结构。同时,涡轮对燃烧室内部速度场的影响一直可以回溯至导叶上游0.3倍弦长的距离,燃烧室出口速度分布对涡轮内部流动、热斑对燃气涡轮导叶及动叶绝热壁温均有较大影响。      

旋流对轴对称喷管性能影响的数值研究

为了研究旋流进气对喷管性能参数的影响,使用数值模拟的方法对轴对称喷管直流进气与旋流进气两种工作状态进行了对比研究,分析了不同空气流量、不同旋流强度下的喷管流量系数、真空推力系数以及比冲的变化规律.研究发现,使用喷管入口轴向质量平均总压计算所得喷管性能参数不随旋流强度的变化而变化,且与直流状态近似相等;旋流的切向动压随旋流数的增大而增大,但对喷管推力没有贡献,应将其归入总压损失.      

进口温度对分层旋流火焰燃烧不稳定性的影响

为了研究进口温度对分层旋流火焰燃烧不稳定性的影响,实验在单头部燃烧室上测量了不同进口温度下的动态压力,并采用理论分析了进口温度对压力振荡的影响。实验结果显示:该燃烧室出现的燃烧不稳定性呈现的是Helmholtz模态,并且随着进口温度从530K增加至650K时,压力脉动主频增加,幅值减小。分析表明:进口温度的增加会增强燃油的雾化和蒸发,进而加强其与空气的掺混均匀性,减小了当量比脉动,从而抑制了燃烧不稳定性,压力振荡幅值减小。      

节流盘对超紧凑燃烧室性能影响的数值研究

为进一步理解节流盘对主次流轴向进气超紧凑燃烧室性能的影响,基于Cot t le超紧凑燃烧室原型结构,采用计算流体力学的方法探究了燃烧环内旋流涡流燃烧的组织原理以及节流盘对旋流涡流燃烧特性及出口温度特性的影响。结果表明:节流盘可提高燃烧环内混气的离心加速度,加快火焰传播速度;节流效应导致的低压区可增大高温燃气径向迁移速度,增强高温燃气与核心流的掺混,改善燃烧室出口温度分布特性;燃烧环内存在涡流燃烧,节流盘可扩展燃烧涡的尺寸,提高火焰稳定性。     

爆震发动机超声速进气道的非定常耦合流场数值研究

采用带化学反应的非定常数值仿真方法,对爆震发动机(PDE)内进气道、燃烧室、尾喷管的耦合流场进行了分析,并着重研究了爆震压力波及其反射波对超声速进气道内流动结构的非定常干扰过程,对比了3种进气道/燃烧室耦合方式下进气道流动特性的差异.结果表明:通过在燃烧室内填充以化学恰当比预混的燃料和氧化剂,数值仿真可获得稳定自持的爆震波.在爆震波压强作用下所产生的结尾波系和反射激波会发生耦合干扰作用,它们在流道内的运动传播影响了结尾波系的前传幅度.通过对比不同进气道/燃烧室耦合方式的流场特征发现:采用突扩式进气道/燃烧室连接段可利用燃烧室头部固壁的阻碍以及其对爆震高压波的反射作用将大部分的压缩气体存储于燃烧室内,进而减弱进气道与燃烧室之间的耦合干扰作用,对提高进气道的工作稳定性有利.另外,内凹式燃烧室头部段的引入还为压缩气体提供了额外的存储空间,故可以进一步缓冲爆震高压,提高进气道的稳定工作裕度.      

进气旋流畸变对压气机性能的影响

为研究进气旋流畸变对压气机性能影响,在单级轴流压气机试验台上加装旋流发生器.利用所设计的旋流发生器,产生不同旋转方向及不同强度的整涡旋流畸变和对涡旋流畸变,分析其对压气机性能、稳定性的影响.结果表明:在一定旋流畸变强度下,正向整涡旋流畸变会减小压气机增压能力,但增加压气机稳定裕度;相比之下,反向整涡旋流畸变对压气机增压能力影响较小,但对稳定性有显著影响.对涡旋流畸变对于压气机的增压能力影响较小,可以忽略不计,对压气机稳定性有一定的影响.      

双级风扇三维粘性非定常流动的数值解

针对一台双级跨音速轴流风扇动静叶片排相互干扰的三维非定常流动,进行了N-S方程的数值求解。首先计算风扇定常流场,以定常流收敛结果为起始场计算非定常流动。计算结果表明,非定常流动对各叶片排进口气流角有较大的影响,其中静叶的变化大于动叶,与定常流结果相比,非定常的瞬态攻角增大的量大于减少的量,最多时增大近10°左右。静子叶片受到的非定常气动力变化幅度也大于转子叶片,叶片排所处的轴向位置不同,非定常流动的影响会有较大的差别。      

中心分级燃烧室预燃级贫油熄火性能试验

对一种单环腔的中心分级LESS（low emissions stirred swirl）燃烧室进行了常压状态下的贫油熄火性能试验研究.采用单头部试验件,研究了预燃级离心喷嘴流量数、进口温度及燃料类型对贫油熄火性能的影响.结果表明:预燃级采用小流量数的离心喷嘴能够降低贫油熄火当量比.进口温度低于150℃的范围内,随着进口温度的增加,贫油熄火当量比迅速降低;进口温度高于150℃时,温度对贫油熄火当量比的影响作用不明显.气态燃料与液态燃料的贫油熄火当量比随火焰筒压降的变化趋势是不同的,但都趋于相同的值,且在5%的火焰筒压降范围内,气态燃料的贫油熄火当量比低于液态燃料.      

Effect of inlet rotating swirl on endwall film cooling for two representative hole arrangements

The swirl generator is widely used in lean-burn combustor to guarantee flame stability and reduce NO_x emissions. Thus, the non-uniformities induced by the swirler would affect and damage film-cooling effectiveness on the turbine components, even blow-off coolant coverage, to some certain extent. The arrangement of film-cooling holes was normally designed to be perpendicular to the axial direction and in standard straight row. In this work we experimentally studied the effects of inlet swirl and mass flow ratio on traditional film cooling holes arrangement and a new arrangement pattern whose holes are located along the isobars. Results indicated that the swirl perturbation would damage film coverage. The film-cooling effect of endwall on which the holes are along the isobars, is invariably more promising than that of endwall on which hole arrangement is perpendicular to axial with the same mass flow of coolant, whether the inlet conditions is uniform or not.     

入口流动参数脉动对燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧不稳定的影响

通过均匀搅拌器(PSR)模型研究了某型燃气轮机燃烧室入口流动参数脉动对燃烧不稳定的影响.研究结果表明:对于贫预混燃烧室(燃烧室工作在较低的入口当量比下)来说,当入口温度、入口气体流量和入口当量比的相对脉动幅值相同时,入口当量比的脉动对燃烧不稳定性的影响最大,其次是入口气体流量,而入口温度的脉动对燃烧不稳定性的影响相对较小.      

斜切径向旋流器环形燃烧室数值模拟

采用三维贴体坐标系统,对包括突扩扩压器、帽罩、旋流杯、火焰筒以及内、外环通道的环形燃烧室全流程2相燃烧流场进行数值研究。采用k-ε湍流模型、2阶矩-EBU湍流燃烧模型、6通量辐射模型和颗粒轨道模型等模拟2相湍流燃烧流动,分析了进口工况对全流程燃烧流场的影响。计算结果表明:随着进口工况的改变,燃烧室出口温度场也发生相应变化;计算结果与试验数据比较表明:所用的数学模型合理、计算方法可行,其结果可为某型燃烧室优化设计提供可靠依据。     

进口旋流周向位置对高压涡轮进口导叶气动特性的影响

为了揭示旋流周向位置对下游进口导叶(IGV)气动特性的影响机理,采用数值模拟方法计算并分析了进口旋流在多个不同周向位置处时旋流与通道内二次流的相互作用原理,进而重点分析了3个典型位置算例中的二次流动、涡系结构和熵增情况。研究表明:进口旋流与通道内固有二次流动之间的相互作用及黏性耗散是旋流所造成损失的主要原因;通道损失最大的工况不在旋流正对叶片头部时出现,而是在旋流靠近叶片头部近压力面一侧时产生;此外,旋流与通道涡相互作用,在进口旋流达到一定强度时会在叶片尾缘附近形成诱导涡。      

旋流杯空气雾化喷嘴套筒出口形状对小型燃烧室点火性能的影响

对平滑和扩张套筒出口形状的旋流杯空气雾化喷嘴燃烧室点火性能进行了研究.这两种旋流杯空气雾化喷嘴中,涡流器是两个旋向相反的径向叶片涡流器,喷嘴为单油路离心喷嘴.采用单头部扇形燃烧室,在燃烧室进口为常温常压空气,燃烧室压力降为0.1%~4.0%的条件下,研究了这两种设计的空气雾化喷嘴燃烧室的点火性能.研究发现,扩张套筒出口形状旋流杯燃烧室点火性能大大优于平滑出口套筒形状的点火性能,其原因是套筒出口形状影响了下游的流场和液雾散布,从而导致了点火性能的差异.