用N－S方程计算翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流

本文给出了用ＮＳ方程对翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流的数值模拟。控制方程为二级时均可压缩完全ＮＳ方程；湍流模型采用双层代数涡粘性模型￣［１］。使用近似因式分解ＡＤＩ差分格式离散求解，网格是用保角变换方法生成的相对翼型固定的Ｃ型网格。本文给出两类典型非定常绕流数值模拟结果：翼型过失速常攻角周期流动和大攻角强迫俯仰谐振非定常绕流。并与国外的实验和计算结果进行了比较，表明了本方法准确、高效的特点。     

用N—S方程计算翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流

本文给出了用ＮＳ方程对翼型非定常粘性大攻角绕流的数值模拟。控制方程为二维时均可压缩完全ＮＳ方程；湍流模型采用双层代数涡粘性模型。使用近似因式分解ＡＤＩ差分格式离散求解，网格是用保角变换方法生成的相对翼型固定的Ｃ型网格。本文给出两类典型非定常绕流数值模拟结果：翼型过失速常攻角周期流动和大攻角强迫俯仰谐振非定常绕流。并与国外的实验和计算结果进行了比较，表明了本方法准确、高效的特点。     

RANS方程和附面层方程耦合求解转捩位置的方法

研究了基于线性稳定性分析的RANS（Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes）方程和附面层方程耦合求解转捩位置的方法。RANS方程计算得附面层外边界的速度分布作为附面层方程计算的输入,求解附面层方程得到稳定性分析需要的附面层参数。由于附面层的解在分离点处的奇异性,用交互式附面层方程求解方法。用基于线性稳定性分析的e^N方法计算转捩位置,并考虑了Tollmien-Schliching波和层流附面层分离造成的转捩。迭代求解RANS方程和附面层方程,直到转捩位置收敛。RANS求解中使用转捩过渡区模型,避免了点转捩模型引入的数值扰动。通过对NA-CA0012翼型的计算并和实验结果及Xfoil计算的结果进行比较,吻合较好,有较好的工程实用价值。     

采用γ-Re_(θt)模型的转捩流动计算分析

为了在黏性流动数值模拟中实现边界层转捩的自动预测,将γ-Reθt转捩模型引入到三维非结构混合网格的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程求解程序(HUNS3D)。该转捩模型由两个依赖当地变量定义的关于间歇因子和当地化转捩起始动量厚度雷诺数的输运方程组成,其数值求解算法与流场求解程序中湍流模型的求解方法相同。为了考察和验证HUNS3D程序中γ-Reθt转捩模型对航空工程中的常见附面层自由转捩问题的预测精度,对低速平板流动、Aerospatial-A翼型、NLR 7301超临界翼型和NASA Trap wing高升力构型等典型外形的自由转捩流动进行了计算,并将计算结果与相关试验结果进行了对比分析。算例结果表明:γ-Reθt转捩模型对于转捩位置具有很好的敏感性,能比较准确地预测自然转捩和分离转捩,可以有效提高HUNS3D程序对实际流动的模拟能力和预测精度。     

壁面小折角对马赫数4.5边界层中扰动演化的影响

为了利用e N方法预测带小折角平板边界层的转捩,采用数值模拟和流动稳定性方法研究来流马赫数为4.5,扩张角和压缩角分别为1°、2°、3°的高超声速边界层中扰动的演化,得到不同角度下不同频率的扰动波沿流向的幅值及增长率分布。并对工程中常用的预测带小折角平板转捩位置的e N方法进行验证分析,指出采用e N方法预测带小折角平板转捩时需要对N值进行修正的概念。     

绕大攻角翼型低速非定常流动的SUPG有限元数值模拟

采用既有良好稳定性又有较高精度的ＳＵＰＧ有限元方法,通过数值求解涡量一流函数形式的不可压缩流ＮＳ方程组,模拟大攻角翼型在高Ｒｅ数下几种典型情况的非定常绕流流场,同时验证了ＳＵＰＧ有限元方法在求解对流占优的二维非定常对流的－扩散方程时的有铲性。     

模拟二维周期性非定常流动的谐波分析方法

介绍了一种从频域出发模拟二维周期性非定常翼型绕流的数值方法.考虑到很多工程中遇到的非定常流动问题都是周期性的,因此非定常流场中的守恒变量可以展开为傅立叶级数,其系数随空间位置的不同而改变.将这样的谐波假设引入欧拉方程,经过处理的方程不显式地含有时间导数项,实际求解的方程将具有定常方程的形式.在使用多重网格技术后,计算可以很快达到收敛.对NACA64A010翼型典型的周期性非定常绕流进行的数值模拟表明,这种方法在能够给出较为准确的计算结果的同时,与传统的双时间方法相比,可以大幅提高计算效率.     

基于IPDG方法的嵌套网格技术

在内罚间断伽辽金（IPDG）方法框架内应用嵌套网格技术求解了二维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程。通过把黏性通量作为辅助变量实现了Navier-Stokes方程的降阶,继而用间断有限元方法进行离散得到空间半离散方程。时间推进采用Newton-Krylov隐式方法。利用库埃特流动精确解验证了该方法的精度。在此基础上,对包括有黏NACA0012翼型绕流、定常和非定常的圆柱绕流在内的若干典型测试算例开展数值模拟,进一步验证了该方法的鲁棒性和可靠性。在嵌套网格中应用了h型网格自适应技术用于提高激波分辨率,对NACA0012翼型无黏跨声速绕流开展数值模拟,结果表明：自适应之后的单元数相比无自适应时只增加了8.4%,但是激波分辨率得到了显著提高,激波附近的计算结果也与实验值符合得更好,从而验证了该方法的有效性。     

模型的转捩流动计算分析简

 为了在黏性流动数值模拟中实现边界层转捩的自动预测,将γ-Re_θt转捩模型引入到三维非结构混合网格的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程求解程序（HUNS3D）。该转捩模型由两个依赖当地变量定义的关于间歇因子和当地化转捩起始动量厚度雷诺数的输运方程组成,其数值求解算法与流场求解程序中湍流模型的求解方法相同。为了考察和验证HUNS3D程序中γ-Re_θt转捩模型对航空工程中的常见附面层自由转捩问题的预测精度,对低速平板流动、Aerospatial-A翼型、NLR 7301超临界翼型和NASA Trap wing 高升力构型等典型外形的自由转捩流动进行了计算,并将计算结果与相关试验结果进行了对比分析。算例结果表明：γ-Re_θt转捩模型对于转捩位置具有很好的敏感性,能比较准确地预测自然转捩和分离转捩,可以有效提高HUNS3D程序对实际流动的模拟能力和预测精度。     

NS方程计算中耦合转捩自动判断的阻力精确计算方法初探

在Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程计算中耦合了流动转捩的自动判断以提高现有求解器预测翼型阻力的准确性.由RANS方程求得翼型表面压力分布作为层流边界层方程求解的输入参数,然后使用简化的eN-数据库转捩判断方法分析层流边界层的解得到转捩点的位置,这样随着流场的迭代求解求解器自动判断转捩点的位置.在对NLF0416翼型的气动性能计算中考虑流动转捩的因素后得到的翼型升阻力特性和实验吻合较好,验证了本文方法的正确性.     

A transition prediction method for flow over airfoils based on high-order dynamic mode decomposition

This article presents a novel approach for predicting transition locations over airfoils, which are used to activate turbulence model in a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes flow solver. This approach combines Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) with e^N criterion. The core idea is to use a spatial DMD analysis to extract the modes of unstable perturbations from a steady flowfield and substitute the local Linear Stability Theory (LST) analysis to quantify the spatial growth of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves. Transition is assumed to take place at the stream-wise location where the most amplified mode’s N-factor reaches a prescribed threshold and a turbulence model is activated thereafter. To improve robustness, the high-order version of DMD technique (known as HODMD) is employed. A theoretical derivation is conducted to interpret how a spatial high-order DMD analysis can extract the growth rate of the unsteady perturbations. The new method is validated by transition predictions of flows over a low-speed Natural-Laminar-Flow (NLF) airfoil NLF0416 at various angles of attack and a transonic NLF airfoil NPU-LSC-72613. The transition locations predicted by our HODMD/e^N method agree well with experimental data and compare favorably to those obtained by some existing methods (LST/e^N or $\gamma -\stackrel{￣}{R{e}_{\theta \text{t}}}$). It is shown that the proposed method is able to predict transition locations for flows over different types of airfoils and offers the potential for application to 3D wings as well as more complex configurations.     

二维非定常跨音速时间线化积分方程的推导

1.引言 求解非定常跨音速流动的主要困难是非线性问题。对于微幅翼型振动问题(同时引起激波的微幅振动)可做时间线化简化处理,得到时间线化微分方程定解问题。时间线化积分方程是由时间线化微分方程推导出来的。     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Wind Tunnel Model Vibrations on the Measured Aerodynamic Properties of Airfoils and Wings

This paper presents a numerical prediction of the unsteady flow field around oscillating airfoils at high angles of attack by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulence model in order to simulate the effects of wind tunnel model vibrations on the aerodynamic properties of airfoils,especially high-aspect-ratio wings in a wind tunnel.The effects of the phase lagging between different modes of oscillations,i.e.,the airfoil plunging oscillation mode,the pitching oscillation mode,and the forward-backward oscillation mode,are also studied.It is shown that the vibrations (oscillations) of airfoils can cause the unsteady shedding of large-size separated vortex to precede the stationary stall incidence,hence lead to a stall onset at some earlier (lower) incidence than that in the steady sense.The different phase lagging has different effect on the flow field.When the pitching oscillation mode has small phase lagging behind the plunging oscillation mode,the effect of vibrations is large.Besides,if the amplitude of the oscillations is large enough,and the different modes of vibrations match or combine appropriately,the unsteady stall may occur 2° earlier in angle of attack than the case where airfoils keep stationary.     

TIME ACCURATE 2D NAVIER-STOKES CALCULATIONS WITH A DUAL-TIME STEPPING METHOD

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Self-sustained shock oscillations on airfoils at transonic speeds

Self-sustained shock wave oscillations on airfoils at transonic flow conditions are associated with the phenomenon of buffeting. The physical mechanisms of the periodic shock motion are not yet fully understood even though experiments performed over fifty years ago have demonstrated the presence of oscillatory shock waves on the airfoil surfaces at high subsonic speeds. The unsteady pressure fluctuations generated by the low-frequency large-amplitude shock motions are highly undesirable from the structural integrity and aircraft maneuverability point of view. For modern supercritical wing design with thick profiles, the shock-induced fluctuations are particularly severe and methods to reduce the shock wave amplitudes to lower values or even to delay the oscillations to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles will result in expanding the buffet boundary of the airfoil. This review begins with a recapitulation of the classical work on shock-induced bubble separation and trailing edge separation of a turbulent boundary layer. The characteristics of the unsteady pressure fluctuations are used to classify the types of shock-boundary layer interaction. The various modes of shock wave motion for different flow conditions and airfoil configurations are described. The buffet boundaries obtained using the standard trailing edge pressure divergence technique and an alternative approach of measuring the divergence of normal fluctuating forces are compared to show the equivalence. The mechanisms of self-sustained shock oscillations are discussed for symmetrical circular-arc airfoils at zero incidence and for supercritical airfoils at high incidence angles with fully separated flows. The properties of disturbances in the wake are examined from linear stability analysis of two-dimensional compressible flows. The advances in high-speed computing make predictions of buffeting flows possible. Navier–Stokes solvers and approximate boundary layer-inviscid flow interaction methods are shown to give good correlation of frequencies and other unsteady flow characteristics with experiments. Finally, passive and active methods of shock oscillation control show promising results in delaying buffet onset to higher Mach numbers or incidence angles, thus enhancing the transonic performance of airfoils.     

双重时间步方法在非定常流场模拟中的应用

在非定常流动的数值模拟中引入隐式双重时间步方法 ,并对2种经典的非定常流动现象进行计算 ,取得令人满意的结果,证明双重时间步方法具有较好的精度和较快的收敛速度。应用此方法对压气机动静叶非定常流场进行研究,结果表明高损失区集中在边界层附近及尾迹区;上游叶片排尾迹对下游叶片通道流动影响很大,它增加边界层损失,并在通道中与主流发生强烈掺混,最终使得出口流场及损失分布较为均匀。     

绕钝体分离流动的非定常数值模拟研究

利用非定常RNGk-ε模型对三种典型的钝体绕流问题进行了研究,这三种流动分别为:方柱绕流、圆柱绕流和绕立方柱流动。研究表明了采用非定常雷诺平均方法可以研究钝体绕流的非定常流动,但所获得的结果各不相同。对于分离角固定的方柱绕流和绕立方柱流动,数值模拟结果和实验以及大涡模拟结果吻合较好,对于分离角不固定的圆柱绕流,随着雷诺数的增加,数值模拟结果和实验结果相差越大,分析认为这是由于壁面模型无法准确预测流动中不固定的分离角所致。改进了绕立方柱流动的模拟方法,采用非定常模拟方法后获得的结果要比定常模拟方法得到的结果有了根本改善。     

低速两段翼型的数值模拟

在多段翼型风洞实验中,很难观察翼型不同迎角下主翼、襟翼上的绕流及缝道流动。使用了O-H型混合的结构化网格,采用k-ε二方程湍流模型求解可压的N—S方程来模拟二元风洞中两段翼型的流场。计算结果与实验进行了比较,结果表明：计算与实验结果吻合良好,说明本方法可以较好地模拟两段翼型的绕流,并能很好地显示流场的变化情况。另外,从结果中可以看出：随着迎角的变化,主翼尾流和缝道间的流动对襟翼附面层分离有很大的影响作用。     

机翼和叶栅非定常流的Kutta条件

本文在现有的实验研究和数值计算的基础上，对经典Ｋｕｔｔａ条件在非定常流动中的适用性作了进一步探讨，并对文献〔１，２〕中提出的一种新的Ｋｕｔｔａ条件－Ｇｉｅｓｉｎｇ－Ｍａｓｋｅｌｌ（Ｇ－Ｍ）模型进行了分析与比较，本文给出了二维振荡机翼和叶栅绕流的变域变分有限元解法中Ｋｕｔｔａ条件的处理方法。本文旨在为机翼和叶栅非定常绕流的数值计算提供更合理可靠的尾缘边界条件。     

时间推进积分方程法求解非定常跨声速流动

本文提出了一种求解非定常跨声速流动的新方法——时间推进积分方程法,此法克服了时间线化积分方程法的限制,能较好地模拟激波的运动。本文首先用一维波(?)问题——模型问题阐明此法的基本思想,然后将它应用于二维非定常跨声速流动中。本文还首次引入拟速度位的概念,使时间推进积分方程式得到简化,尾涡条件和Kutta条件更易处理。数值计算表明时间推进积分方程法是合理可靠的。