基于冷态数值模拟的航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火预测

在经典均匀搅拌反应器理论(Perfect Stirred Reactor)的基础上,对Lefebvre贫熄模型中的燃烧体积和燃烧空气量进行改进,建立起燃烧室冷态流场与热态贫熄性能的对应关系,进而达到从冷态流场预测热态贫熄性能的目的。采用商业软件Fluent对燃烧室的冷态速度场和燃料浓度场进行数值模拟,通过燃料的可燃边界定义出理论的可燃区体积(Vf)和进入可燃区的回流空气量(mr)两项关键参数组成燃烧负荷参数Vf.mr,并通过油量迭代逼近(Fuel Iterative Approximation)的方法达到对燃烧室贫熄边界的预测。通过与实验结果的对比表明:燃烧室的冷态流场与其热态贫熄性能是相互关联的,燃烧负荷参数与熄火油气比近似成线性关系;采用油量迭代逼近的方法对燃烧室的贫熄边界进行预测,预测精度控制在±8.4%。     

Lean blowout characteristics of spray flame in a multi-swirl staged combustor under different fuel decreasing rates

Lean Blow Out (LBO) poses a significant safety hazard when occurring in aero-engines. Understanding the lower stability limits of gas turbine combustors and the characteristics of spray flame close to LBO are imperative for safe operation. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector on LBO performances in a multi-swirl staged combustor equipped with an airblast injector. A set of hardware and control system was developed to realize a user-defined fuel supply law. High-speed imaging was applied to record complete LBO processes under the conditions of linear fuel reduction and stable airflow. Partical Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Mie (PMie) scattering were used to acquire the flow fields and spray fields under non-reacting conditions. Experimental results have shown that LBO limits extend to leaner conditions as the pressure drop of the injector increases. With an increase of the fuel decreasing rate, the exhaust temperature before flame extinction increases, and the LBO Fuel-to-Air-Ratio (FAR) decreases. The time evolution of the integral CH* intensity conforms to a linear function during the LBO process. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of lean-burn flames. Under different fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector, flames close to LBO present similar modal spatial distributions, alternately appearing axial, radial, high-order axial, and high-order radial oscillations.     

中心分级燃烧室预燃级燃烧性能实验

研究了一种中心分级燃烧室.在某大推力航空发动机慢车工况下,采用单头部矩形燃烧室,进行了燃烧性能实验,考察了预燃级旋流杯套筒扩张角、台阶高度、预燃级气量分配对污染排放、燃烧效率和贫油熄火油气比的影响作用.实验结果表明:慢车工况下,预燃级旋流杯套筒扩张角从60°增大到100°后,NOx排放降低42%,CO和未燃碳氢燃料(UHC)排放均增加2.5倍左右,燃烧效率降低1.75%,贫油熄火油气比从0.0038增大到0.0067;台阶高度减小24%后,NOx排放降低37%,CO和UHC排放分别增加1.5倍和1.2倍,燃烧效率降低1.32%,贫油熄火油气比从0.0042增大到0.0061;预燃级气量分配减小20%后,NOx排放增加13.5%,CO和UHC排放分别降低55.6%和38.9%,燃烧效率增大1.46%,贫油熄火油气比从0.0061减小到0.0051.      

Predicting lean blow-off of bluffbody stabilized flames based on Damköhler number

Lean Blow-Off(LBO) prediction is important to propulsion system design. In this paper,a hybrid method combining numerical simulation and Da(Damk?hler) model is proposed based on bluffbody stabilized flames. In the simulated reacting flow, Practical Reaction Zone(PRZ) is built based on OH radical concentration, and it is considered to be the critical zone that controls LBO.Da number is obtained based on the volume-averaged parameters of PRZ. The flow time scale(s_f)indicates the residence time of the fresh mixture flowing through the PRZ. It is obtained based on the characteristic length and volume-averaged axial velocity of the PRZ. The chemical time scale(s_c) indicates the shortest time needed to trigger the reaction of the mixture. It is obtained by commercial software CHEMKIN through monitoring the transient variation of the reactor temperature. The result shows that the average Da number under different LBO conditions is 1.135(the Da number under each LBO condition ranges from 0.673 to 1.351). This indicates that the flow time scale and chemical time scale are comparable. The combustion is in a critical state where LBO is easy to occur. With the increase of the fuel mass flow rate(the global fuel/air ratio increases from 0.004761 to 0.01095), s_f increases from 0.001268 s to 0.007249 s, and s_c decreases from 0.00124 s to0.00089 s. Accordingly, Da number increases from 1.023 to 8.145, which shows that the combustion becomes more stable. The above results show that the method proposed in the present study can properly predict the LBO limits of combustors, which provides important technical supports for combustor design and optimization.     

Mixing and combustion characteristics in a scramjet combustor with different distances between cavity and backward-facing step

The mixing and combustion characteristics in a cavity flameholding combustor under inlet Mach number 2.92 are numerically investigated with ethylene injection. Dimensionless distance is defined as the ratio of the actual distance to the height of the combustor entrance. The cavity shear-layer mode, the lifted cavity shear-layer mode, and jet wake mode with upstream separation are observed respectively with dimensionless distance equals to 1.5, 4.5, and 7.5. In both non-reacting and reacting flow...     

基于驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火经验关系式初探

 驻涡燃烧室（TVC）与传统旋流燃烧室相比采用不同稳焰方式。在前期试验研究的基础上对其贫油熄火(LBO)性能进行归纳总结,参考并与Lefebvre基于化学反应的贫油熄火经验关系式相比较,提出适用于采用煤油为燃料、蒸发管方式供油的驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火经验关系式。针对驻涡燃烧室提出的贫油熄火经验关系式包含了蒸发管雾化性能、主流气流量和凹腔卷吸气流量等因素,对比经验关系式的预测结果与试验结果,最大误差在15%以内。     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

三级轴向旋流器燃烧室的贫油熄火性能试验

对三级轴向旋流器燃烧室进行了不同进口速度、进口温度、三级轴向旋流器旋向组合和空气流量分配下的贫油熄火性能试验.研究结果表明:随着进口速度、进口温度的增加,三级轴向旋流器燃烧室的贫油熄火油气比减小,进口温度的升高对贫油熄火性能的影响显著;相同进口速度下旋向组合为逆时针-逆时针-顺时针方案的贫油熄火油气比比旋向组合为顺时针-逆时针-顺时针方案的贫油熄火油气比约高50%;内旋流器空气流量的减小可使得贫油熄火油气比有所减小,但减小的幅度不大.      

驻涡区进口结构参数影响TVC燃烧性能的试验

驻涡区的空气、燃油供给位置和两者之间的匹配关系是影响驻涡燃烧室性能最重要的参数之一.研究中把4种驻涡区油气进入位置和3种掺混空气孔位置组合成7组油气参数,在不同进口温度和进口流量下开展了相应的燃烧性能试验,获得了点火性能、贫油熄火特性和燃烧效率与7组油气参数之间的关系,并分析得出了第7组组合参数是综合性能最好的驻涡区油气进口参数.      

Hybrid method based on flame volume concept for lean blowout limits prediction of aero engine combustors

The Lean Blowout (LBO) limit is crucial for the aircraft engines. The semi-empirical (such as Lefebvre’s LBO model and Flame Volume (FV) model), numerical and hybrid methods are widely utilized for the LBO limit quick prediction. An innovative hybrid method based on the FV concept is proposed. This method can be classified as a semi-empirical/physical based hybrid prediction method. In this hybrid method, it is assumed that the flame volume varies nearly linearly with the fuel/air ratio near the LBO. The flame volume is obtained directly by the numerical simulation using the threshold value of the visible flame boundary as 900 K. Then the final LBO limits is determined by the FV model. On the premise of keeping the good generality of prediction, the hybrid method based on the FV concept can further improve the prediction accuracy. The comparison with the prediction of the existing available methods on fifteen combustors shows that the hybrid method based on the FV concept achieves better prediction accuracy. The prediction uncertainties between the experimental results and the predicted values by the hybrid method based on the FV concept are within about ±10%.     

分级燃烧室预燃级旋流组织对点熄火性能影响的试验研究

为了有效拓宽多级旋流分级燃烧室的稳定工作边界,在模型燃烧室上开展了分级燃烧室点火和熄火特性试验研究,采用平面激光测量技术获得了燃烧室冷态流场结构和燃油浓度分布,分析了双级旋流预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计参数(两级旋流旋向、旋流强度)对流场结构、燃油浓度分布和燃烧稳定性的影响,并阐明了燃烧室点火和熄火特性与流场结构和燃油浓度分布的内在关联机制。结果表明,预燃级两级旋流反旋、适当减小内级旋流强度和增大外级旋流强度有利于改善这类分级燃烧室的点火和熄火特性。相关研究结论能够应用于分级燃烧室预膜式空气雾化预燃级设计。     

中心分级燃烧室预燃级贫油熄火性能试验

对一种单环腔的中心分级LESS（low emissions stirred swirl）燃烧室进行了常压状态下的贫油熄火性能试验研究.采用单头部试验件,研究了预燃级离心喷嘴流量数、进口温度及燃料类型对贫油熄火性能的影响.结果表明:预燃级采用小流量数的离心喷嘴能够降低贫油熄火当量比.进口温度低于150℃的范围内,随着进口温度的增加,贫油熄火当量比迅速降低;进口温度高于150℃时,温度对贫油熄火当量比的影响作用不明显.气态燃料与液态燃料的贫油熄火当量比随火焰筒压降的变化趋势是不同的,但都趋于相同的值,且在5%的火焰筒压降范围内,气态燃料的贫油熄火当量比低于液态燃料.      

An FV-EE model to predict lean blowout limits for gas turbine combustors with different structures and sprays

The occurrence of Lean Blowout(LBO) is a disadvantage that endangers a stable operation of gas turbines. A determination of LBO limits is essential in the design of gas turbine combustors. A semiempirical model is one of the most widely used methods to predict LBO limits.Among the existing semiempirical models for predicting LBO limits, Lefebvre’s LBO model and the Flame Volume(FV) model are particularly suitable for gas turbine combustors. On the basis of Lefebvre’s and FV models, the concept o...     

先进燃烧室分级燃烧空气流量分配的探讨

参加燃烧的空气流量分配将大于60%的特点使常规燃烧室无法满足高温升和低污染燃烧室的基本要求.从燃烧的基本特性以及燃烧室的基本性能要求出发,重点分析了常规燃烧室中设计的燃烧空气分配的极限,讨论了高燃烧气量分配下燃烧室关键技术问题和软分级概念.通过比较现有燃烧室分级方式的特点,指出从稳定性角度出发RPP(rich premix prevaporized)中心分级是解决超高温升燃烧室的较佳方法,而LPP(lean premix prevaporized)中心分级是解决低污染燃烧室的较佳方法.      

三旋流器加装外套环对燃烧性能的影响

对带有两种不同头部结构（基准型为方案1,头部加装外套环为方案2）的三旋流单头部燃烧室进行了研究,对有两种头部结构的燃烧室进行了流场和燃烧场的数值模拟,在相同的进口试验条件下,用燃气分析法和15点测温耙分别测量了两种头部的燃烧效率、出口冒烟数和出口温度场.结果表明:三旋流器的燃烧效率超过了99.7%,加装外套环后其流场、温度场分布均较基准型有所改善,回流区更加饱满,油气混合和燃油雾化效果增强,出口温度分布系数（OTDF）和出口冒烟数分别降低了36%和25%.      

高温升三旋流燃烧室与双旋流燃烧室的性能对比

采用参数化建模的方法,保持扩压器尺寸、外机匣最大直径以及燃烧室出口尺寸与单环腔燃烧室(SAC)一致,将燃烧室头部旋流器从双旋流结构设计为三旋流结构,采用三维数值模拟的方法对双旋流燃烧室(DSC)和三旋流燃烧室(TSC)的流动和燃烧过程进行数值模拟.对比研究了两种燃烧室在高温升条件下的性能.结果表明:传统的DSC已不能满足油气比为0.037的高温升燃烧室的燃烧效率等性能需求,TSC可获得比DSC更高的总压恢复系数、燃烧效率以及温升,更低的出口温度分布系数(OTDF)和径向出口温度分布系数(RTDF);在油气比为0.037情况下,设计的高温升TSC总压降在5%以内;OTDF为0.162,RTDF为0.106;燃烧效率大于99%.      

受限空间内三级旋流流场和燃烧性能研究

为研究受限空间内三级旋流器流场特征和对应的燃烧性能,对不同方案三级旋流器开展了试验和仿真研究,分析了2种典型流场（贴壁流场和锥形流场）特性及其对火焰形态、燃烧室性能指标的影响。结果表明,通过控制三级孔特征可实现三级旋流器下游贴壁流场和锥形流场之间的转变。三级孔为30°时,旋流器的高湍动能有利于强化燃油雾化,同时形成贴壁的大尺寸回流区有利于燃油在主燃区的空间扩散和均匀分布,能够改善燃烧室点熄火性能,但会导致主燃区火焰筒壁温较高。     

ATR发动机燃烧室波瓣混合器张角及瓣宽比对掺混、燃烧特性的影响

为了促进空气涡轮火箭发动机燃烧室内来自压气机的空气和流经涡轮的富燃燃气的掺混、提高燃烧效率,本文基于空气涡轮火箭发动机燃烧室入口结构参数设计了波瓣混合器,并采用数值模拟方法通过调整张角及瓣宽比对波瓣结构进行优化。结果表明：1）保持外张角不变,增大波瓣内张角可以有效改善内涵燃料在燃烧室中心轴附近区域燃烧不完全的状况;2）在内、外张角相同的条件下,通过减小瓣宽b2使瓣宽比 大于1可以提升掺混及燃烧效率;3）相对于非反应流动,波瓣诱导流向涡在反应流中强度更高,沿径向向外移动的速度也更快;4）带有波瓣结构的燃烧室内,因内、外涵气流掺混造成的总压损失很小,80%以上的总压损失是由加热造成的。     

替代燃料贫油熄火边界影响因素

为了研究燃油以及入口空气压力对于贫油熄火(LBO)边界的影响大小及规律,采用航空煤油(RP-3)、高沸点费托油(FT)和柴油进行了三种不同燃烧室入口压力工况下的贫油熄火实验并进行规律分析。分析结果表明:入口压力对贫油熄火边界的影响(19.17%)要大于燃油性质造成的影响(6.26%)。导致熄火油气比变化的主要因素包括入口空气压力,火焰体积,燃烧室温度,燃油雾化直径以及燃油的热值和密度,其中火焰体积和燃油雾化直径主要受燃油性质影响,而燃烧室温度则与入口压力有很大关系。入口压力影响的贫油熄火油气比变化会受其影响的火焰体积和燃烧室温度变化而削弱。碳数高支链烷烃含量少的燃油可能会提高火焰体积对熄火油气比的影响,使其在低入口压力下有更好的贫油熄火边界。      

多点喷射扇形燃烧室出口温度场试验

在中国燃气涡轮研究院的环形燃烧室试验器的高压试验台上完成了多点喷射燃烧室出口温场试验与调试.试验结果表明:可以通过头部燃油喷射点的开关来控制多点喷射燃烧室的出口温度分布,这种控制方式对出口温度分布系数的影响增大,对径向温度分布系数的影响减小.多点喷射燃烧室效率和传统燃烧室效率相当一致,表明多点喷射燃烧室的应用是可行的.试验结果对相关燃烧室的设计具有指导和参考意义.