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1.
C. De Jager 《Space Science Reviews》2005,120(3-4):197-241
2.
Shlomi Ziskin Nir J. Shaviv 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
The 20th century temperature anomaly record is reproduced using an energy balance model, with a diffusive deep ocean. The model takes into account all the standard radiative forcings, and in addition the possibility of a non-thermal solar component. The model is parameterized and then optimized to produce the most likely values for the climate parameters and radiative forcings which reproduce the 20th century global warming. We find that the best fit is obtained with a negligible net feedback. We also show that a non-thermal solar component is necessarily present, indicating that the total solar contribution to the 20th century global warming, of ΔTsolar = 0.27 ± 0.07 °C, is much larger than can be expected from variation in the total solar irradiance alone. However, we also find that the largest contribution to the 20th century warming comes from anthropogenic sources, with ΔTman = 0.42 ± 0.11 °C. 相似文献
3.
F. Montmessin 《Space Science Reviews》2006,125(1-4):457-472
Solar variability influences the climate of a planet by radiatively forcing changes over a certain timescale; orbital variations
of a planet, which yield similar solar forcing modulations, can be studied within the same scientific context. It is known
for Earth that obliquity changes have played a critical role in pacing glacial and interglacial eras. For Mars, such orbital
changes have been far greater and have generated extreme variations in insolation. Signatures associated with the presence
of water ice reservoirs at various positions across the surface of Mars during periods of different orbital configurations
have been identified. For this reason, it has been proposed that Mars is currently evolving between ice ages. The advent of
climate tools has given a theoretical frame to the study of orbitally-induced climate changes on Mars. These models have provided
an explanation to many puzzling observations, which when put together have permitted reconstruction of almost the entire history
of Mars in the last 10 million years. This paper proposes to give an overview of the scientific work dedicated to this topic. 相似文献
4.
A.L. Mishev P.I.Y. Velinov L. Mateev Y. Tassev 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The cosmic ray ground level enhancement on January 20, 2005 is among the largest recorded events in the history of cosmic ray measurements. The solar protons of MeV energies cause an excess of ionization in the atmosphere, specifically over polar caps following major solar disturbances. The ionization effect in the Earth atmosphere is obtained for various latitudes on the basis of solar proton energy spectra, reconstructed from GOES 11 measurements and subsequent full Monte Carlo simulation of cosmic ray induced atmospheric cascade. The estimation of ionization rates is based on a numerical model for cosmic ray induced ionization. The evolution of atmospheric cascade is performed with the CORSIKA 6.52 code using FLUKA 2006b and QGSJET II hadron interaction models. The atmospheric ion rate ionization is explicitly obtained for 40°N, 60°N and 80°N latitudes. The time evolution of obtained ion rates is presented. It is demonstrated that ionization effect is negative for 40°N and small for 60°N, because of accompanying Forbush decrease. The ionization effect is significant only in sub-polar and polar atmosphere during the major ground level enhancement of 20 January 2005. 相似文献
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6.
Numerous attempts have been made over the years to link various aspects of solar variability to changes in the Earth's climate. There has been growing interest in this possible connection in recent years, spurred largely by the need to understand the natural causes of climate change, against which the expected global warming due to man's activities will have to be detected. The time scale of concern here is that of decades to centuries, and excludes the longer millennial scale in which orbital variations play a dominant role. The field has long been plagued by the lack of an acceptable physical mechanism by which solar variability can affect climate, but the discovery of variability in the Sun's total irradiance (the solar ``constant' of meteorology) by spacecraft instruments has pointed to a direct mechanism. Other less direct mechanisms that have been suggested involve variations in the Sun's ultraviolet flux and in the plasma outflow of the solar wind. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current state of the field, emphasizing the proposed mechanisms as an introduction to the more detailed papers that follow. The particular case of sea-surface temperature data will be used as an illustration. 相似文献
7.
J.S. Mandeep 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
The 0 °C isotherm height is an important parameter for prediction of rain attenuation of microwave and millimeter wave for Earth-space communication. The variations of 0 °C isotherm heights for two monsoon seasons have been studied based on an analysis of radiosonde over three stations. The exceedence probability statistics of rain height are compared between the two seasons. The results on the 0 °C isotherm height can be utilized for the estimation of attenuation of microwave and millimeter wave due to rain over Earth-space paths. Attenuations of radio wave due to rain at frequencies above 10 GHz and above have also been estimated using the 0 °C isotherm height so derived. 相似文献
8.
We use a simplified atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) to investigate the response of the lower atmosphere to thermal
perturbations in the lower stratosphere. The results show that generic heating of the lower stratosphere tends to weaken the
sub-tropical jets and the tropospheric mean meridional circulations. The positions of the jets, and the extent of the Hadley
cells, respond to the distribution of the stratospheric heating, with low latitude heating displacing them poleward, and uniform
heating displacing them equatorward. The patterns of response to the low latitude heating are similar to those found to be
associated with solar variability in previous observational data analysis, and to the effects of varying solar UV radiation
in sophisticated AGCMs. In order to investigate the chain of causality involved in converting the stratospheric thermal forcing
to a tropospheric climate signal we conduct an experiment which uses an ensemble of model spin-ups to analyse the time development
of the response to an applied stratospheric perturbation. We find that the initial effect of the change in static stability
at the tropopause is to reduce the eddy momentum flux convergence in this region. This is followed by a vertical transfer
of the momentum forcing anomaly by an anomalous mean circulation to the surface, where it is partly balanced by surface stress
anomalies. The unbalanced part drives the evolution of the vertically integrated zonal flow. We conclude that solar heating
of the stratosphere may produce changes in the circulation of the troposphere even without any direct forcing below the tropopause.
We suggest that the impact of the stratospheric changes on wave propagation is key to the mechanisms involved. 相似文献
9.
气候试验方法中对试验箱内风速要求的分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
文章介绍了GJB 150A和GB/T 2423标准中对试验箱内风速的有关要求,分析了各试验方法中规定风速要求的目的和原理,以及GB/T 2423为减少风速对热效应影响而应用的试验方法思路,指出了目前标准实施中试验箱选用及使用方面存在的问题,并提出了一些建议。 相似文献
10.
Marius S. Potgieter 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
This brief review addresses the relation between solar activity, cosmic ray variations and the dynamics of the heliosphere. The global features of the heliosphere influence what happens inside its boundaries on a variety of time-scales. Galactic and anomalous cosmic rays are the messengers that convey vital information on global heliospheric changes in the manner that they respond to these changes. By observing cosmic rays over a large range of energies at Earth, and with various space detectors, a better understanding is gained about space weather and climate. The causes of the cosmic ray variability are reviewed, with emphasis on the 11-year and 22-year cycles, step modulation, charge-sign dependent modulation and particle drifts. Advances in this field are selectively discussed in the context of what still are some of the important uncertainties and outstanding issues. 相似文献