AMX飞机大迎角试验的经验

本文描述了单座和双座ＡＭ－Ｘ飞机大迎角试验计划，作了完成试验工作的技术综述，描述了试验用的改进飞机，采用的特殊方法，用于包线扩展的递增方法及其结果，对有关工作的技术，后勤，组织，计划原则和使用的技术等也提供了重要的评价。     

高级靶场测量飞机

本文描述了高短靶场测量飞机(ARIA)及其目前和未来在全球范围内保障试验和鉴定活动的计划。     

轴对称推进剂药柱纵向燃烧不稳定性的预测

在推进剂药柱燃烧时,可以观察到纵向波型不稳定性。本文介绍预测方法的一般方案并与实际试验作了比较。由“T”型燃烧器得到模型中使用的数据(两种尺寸及两种工作状态)。本文研究的火箭发动机,其推进剂药柱都具有轴对称的几何形状,直径从200毫米到1500毫米。在预测和实际热试结果之间可能会出现一些偏差。当采用本方法时,仅预测不稳定的趋势是可能的。为了进行计算预测须作缩比发动机热试车并对过去一些试验进行分析。所有这些,对于发动机进行比较,都是很有用的工具。为了减小预测和实际热试车之间的偏差,对计算程序作了改进。要从两个主要方面进行探索:即更精确的分析模型和更好的输入数据。     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

MX第一级

1980年在 Montery 召开的 JANNAF 会议上,介绍了 MX 第一级原始方案论证及制订的研制方案。这篇新资料评论了最初的两次静态试验所取得的结果。     

Structural and functional changes in man accompanying the weightlessness in "Skylab" flights: a mathematical approach

The present paper reports a kinetic analysis of changes of some physiological parameters, obtained from international literature, after changes in gravitational environment. The overall phenomenology of the adaptation to weightlessness is characterized by a rapid process followed by a slow one. The two processes show half time values differing by about five times. Also in the case of readaptation to gravity, after recovery on the Earth, two well resolved processes, showing different half time values, are observed. It is of interest to notice that the rate of response to weightlessness is lower than that to gravity. Of course, the half time values observed depend on the different physiological parameters considered. In any case, the experimental data suggest a general trend of many adaptive changes, that may all be described by a simple mathematical model.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

Combating fatigue to enhance safety

Methods of fighting fatigue in airline pilots are reviewed. Recommendations include maintaining home base time, monitoring sleep, and time adjustments on extended layovers. Disorders related to the circadian rhythm include sleep disturbances, altered biological rhythms, and weakened mental performance. Drug therapy includes the use of stimulants such as coffee, tea, and cola; sleep pills; and oral administration of melatonin.     

Leg venous hemodynamics and leg volumes during a 42 day -6 degrees head-down bedrest

Seven healthy subjects were submitted to a 42-day head down bedrest, where leg venous compliance (venous distensibity index VDI) and leg volumes were assessed by mercury strain gauge plethysmography with venous occlusion and optoelectronic plethysmography, respectively. Plethysmographic and volometric measurements were made, before, during (at days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 26, 34 and 41), and after bedrest (days 1, 4, 7, 11 and 30 of the recovery period). Results showed a continuous decrease in leg volumes throughout bedrest, when VDI increased until day 26 of bedrest, and then decreased afterwards. The recovery period was characterized by a rapid return of VDI to prebedrest levels while leg volumes progressively normalised. These results showed that leg venous compliance changes are not always dependant upon skeletal muscle changes, and that factors other than size of muscle compartment are able to determine increases in leg venous compliance during long-term bedrest.     

精密轨道确定的新篇章

我们声称能以几厘米的精度连续跟踪一个复杂外形地球卫星的位置,看上去似乎与提出希望达到这一要求一样半信半疑。然而海洋环流实验空基测高所需要的精度水平,可能仅有全球定位系统(GPS)才是满足这一精度要求的实用途径。 利用GPS的新轨道估计技术,其基本方法与苏联发射第一颗人造卫星以来一直使用的方法不同。虽然GPS在70年代中期已开始设计,然而直至最近,我们才认识到这些定轨技术的潜力。将GPS用于地球科学研究的意外收获仅是许多令人吃惊的额外收获之一。