Case study of inclined sporadic E layers in the Earth’s ionosphere observed by CHAMP/GPS radio occultations: Coupling between the tilted plasma layers and internal waves

We have used the radio occultation (RO) satellite data CHAMP/GPS (Challenging Minisatellite Payload/Global Positioning System) for studying the ionosphere of the Earth. A method for deriving the parameters of ionospheric structures is based upon an analysis of the RO signal variations in the phase path and intensity. This method allows one to estimate the spatial displacement of a plasma layer with respect to the ray perigee, and to determine the layer inclination and height correction values. In this paper, we focus on the case study of inclined sporadic E (E_s) layers in the high-latitude ionosphere based on available CHAMP RO data. Assuming that the internal gravity waves (IGWs) with the phase-fronts parallel to the ionization layer surfaces are responsible for the tilt angles of sporadic plasma layers, we have developed a new technique for determining the parameters of IGWs linked with the inclined E_s structures. A small-scale internal wave may be modulating initially horizontal E_s layer in height and causing a direction of the plasma density gradient to be rotated and aligned with that of the wave propagation vector k. The results of determination of the intrinsic wave frequency and period, vertical and horizontal wavelengths, intrinsic vertical and horizontal phase speeds, and other characteristics of IGWs under study are presented and discussed.     

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical RP-3 in inclined pipe

Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer to supercritical RP-3 through the inclined tubes have been performed using LS k–e model embedded in Fluent. The physical properties of RP-3 were obtained using the generalized corresponding state laws based on the fourcomponent surrogate model. Mass flow rate is 0.3 g/s, system pressure is 3 MPa, inlet temperature is 373 K. Inclination of the inclined pipe varied from -90° to 90°, with heat flux varied from 300 k W/m~2 to 400 kW/m~2. Comparison between the calculated result and the experimental data indicates the range of error reasonable. The results of ±45° show that temperature inhomogeneity in inclined pipe produce the secondary flow in its cross section due to the buoyancy force. Depending on the strength of the temperature inhomogeneity, there will be two different forms of secondary flow and both contribute to the convective heat transfer in the pipe. The secondary flow intensity decreases when the inhomogeneity alleviates and thermal acceleration will play a leading role. It will have a greater impact on the turbulent flow to affect the convective heat transfer in the pipe. When changing the inclination, it affects the magnitude of the buoyant component in flow direction. The angle increases, the buoyancy component decreases. And the peak temperature of wall dominated by the secondary flow will move forward and increase in height.     

孔阵排列和偏转角对多斜孔壁火焰筒冷却效果的影响研究

为了研究火焰筒上孔阵排列和偏转角对多斜孔壁冷却效果的影响规律,将多斜孔壁冷却结构应用到航空发动机的燃烧室火焰筒壁上,通过数值模拟研究了不同孔阵排列和不同偏转角的共6种多斜孔结构对火焰筒壁的冷却效果,包括有效温比和对流换热系数的比较。结果表明:在燃烧室上,孔阵排列对多斜孔壁冷却效果的影响与平板模型的规律一致,叉排孔阵排列优于顺排孔阵排列,孔排周向位移找到了冷却效果较好时的孔排周向位移值;在火焰筒前端,偏转角的选取应考虑到旋流器对流场的影响,而在火焰筒后端,偏转角为0°的冷却效果较好。      

小冲击间距下带倾角冲击凹柱面流场结构实验研究

针对带倾角冲击凹柱面靶板的流动特性和流场结构研究,采用烟线法开展了流场显现实验研究,重点分析了旋流产生和发展的规律。试验中通过改变冲击雷诺数、冲击间距比(冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比)、冲击角度以及凹柱面相对曲率等参数,分析了涡出现的位置、结构等随这些参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:由于冲击射流同周围静止空气之间的粘性作用、气体在凹柱面上运动、脱离的共同作用下,带倾角冲击凹柱面靶板产生了不同的旋流结构。实验中,随冲击雷诺数的增加,在冲击滞止区域两侧流体冲击靶板分离处的圆心角增大,分离推迟;由于冲击角度的影响,相对冲击角度较小侧射流与壁面分离比在较大侧提前,且在相对冲击角度较小侧更容易产生旋流结构。实验中改变的参数均影响了旋流结构及其发展特性,并且影响规律表现出较强的关联性。     

等压差条件下多斜孔综合冷效实验研究

为了研究不同进气条件对多斜孔气膜冷却的影响规律,采用实验方法,从等压差和等冷气量两个角度分别探讨了孔径d为0.5mm～1mm,开孔率op为0.0245～0.0383,流向倾角α为20°～45°的变化对综合冷效的影响规律。实验结果表明:综合冷效沿流向方向逐渐增大。开孔率和流向倾角不变时,孔径减小,在等单位面积冷气量下,综合冷效显著增加;在等压差条件下,孔径越小,单位面积冷气量越小,综合冷效仍然随之增加。孔径和流向倾角不变,两种进气条件下,综合冷效随开孔率的增加而增加,但等压差条件下增大幅度更高。孔径和开孔率不变,在等冷气量条件下,20°流向倾角综合冷效最高;在等压差条件下,30°流向倾角综合冷效最高。     

冲击加多斜孔双层壁冷却方式流量系数研究

为了获得冲击加多斜孔双层壁冷却方式的流量系数 ,分别对两种孔排列方式的冲击和多斜孔实验板组合成的四组双层壁模型在相似理论指导下进行实验。研究压力参数从 0变化到 80时 ,流量系数的变化情况。另外讨论并分析了主流流量、孔排列方式、双层壁缝高的变化对流量系数的影响程度。为燃烧室设计和壁温预估提供依据。     

冲压发动机燃烧室多斜孔隔热屏的冷却特性

用数值模拟的方法,研究了冲压发动机燃烧室隔热屏多斜孔冷却特性及设计方法.首先计算了冲压发动机燃烧室采用无孔隔热屏时隔热屏的温度分布,在此基础上根据高温区的分布设计了多斜孔隔热屏孔阵的分布(方案A),然后计算得到了多斜孔隔热屏的温度分布.采用类似的方法又经过2次多斜孔分布的改进(方案B、方案C),取得了冷却效果较好的多斜孔非均匀分布方案.研究结果表明:采用此设计方法在冷却流量由A方案的17.45%降低到方案C的14.99%的情况下,隔热屏最低冷却效率由方案A的70%提高到方案C的85%.      

冲击加多斜孔双层壁冷却方式多斜孔内换热研究

研究了航空发动机燃烧室火焰筒冲击加多斜孔双层壁冷却方式中两种不同孔排列方式、不同位置处斜孔内的局部和平均换热情况。方法是在相似理论指导下的实验研究。结果显示:多斜孔进口区附近的换热有明显的增强,其局部换热和平均换热情况与冲击作用密切相关。由于冲击的影响,多斜孔进口区附近的换热系数差别明显,冲击的影响范围一直可达X/D=3.0处;在远离进口区的相应位置上,几种情况下换热系数差别不大。      

吸热型碳氢燃料基础油的饱和蒸气压测定

根据拟静态法原理,采用斜式沸点计建立了一套适用于多组分体系饱和蒸气压测定的装置。测定了用于制备吸热型碳氢燃料的一组基础油器在一系列温度下的饱和蒸气压,用Antoine方程关联了饱和蒸气压与温度的关系,同时根据Clausius-Clapeyron方程计算了各基础油品的蒸发焓和蒸发熵。为吸热型碳氢燃料的调配和性能评价提供了基础信息。     

多腔胶圈硫化模设计与制造技术

分析了多腔胶圈硫化模的结构及加工难点,重点介绍了多腔胶圈硫化模的设计制造工艺方法及获 得的技术经济效果。