美国系留气球载监视系统发展分析

梳理和分析了美国的四十多年来发展和气球载监视系统使用情况。根据其现在的发展情况,分析其发展趋势。认为未来系留气球载监视系统将在美国国土安全和国防安全中继续扮演着重要角色。     

以RBCC为动力的巡航飞行器有效载荷质量敏感性分析

基于飞行轨迹及质量分析数学模型,对以RBCC为动力的巡航飞行器有效载荷的敏感性进行了分析,主要考虑了发动机比冲、发射马赫数、发射高度、模态转换点(转换马赫数)及惰性质量系数等对有效载荷质量的影响。分析结果表明,提高发射马赫数和发射高度、增加发动机比冲、降低模态转换马赫数及飞行器惰性质量系数有利于提高巡航飞行器的有效载荷质量。其中有效载荷质量对惰性质量系数最敏感,当惰性质量系数分别减小7.3%和增大7.3%时,有效载荷质量的增大量和减小量将分别达到58%和103.7%。     

基于NSGAII算法的宽体客机商载航程研究

宽体客机研发模式已从传统“单一机型”向“系列化机型”转变。根据宽体客机系列化设计通用性准则,对其设计方法进行了研究。建立了以宽体客机系列化设计制造成本、最大起飞重量间差值总和为目标函数,各机型商载能力为约束条件的宽体客机系列化设计模型。利用非劣排序遗传算法（ NSGAII ）,对宽体客机系列化设计模型求解,得到符合条件的Pareto解集,取解集中的两个方案进行比较分析,其结果具有一定的实际意义,为宽体客机制造商在宽体客机系列化设计过程中商载航程的选取提供了一种依据。     

在轨释放、分离载荷动力学仿真研究

某些航天器需要在飞行过程中释放、分离载荷,由此涉及的动力学问题,关系到航天器平台与载荷的控制。文章主要对此类航天器的多体动力学问题进行研究,基于机械系统动力学仿真分析（ADAMS）软件平台建立了包括航天器平台、载荷和两类分离机构等在内的仿真模型,通过对三种在轨释放、分离载荷方案的分离过程动力学仿真结果对比分析以及参数化仿真分析,为载荷释放、分离方案设计提供参考。     

星上光学有效载荷的两级隔振研究

为实现星上光学有效载荷的高成像性能,对星上光学有效载荷的两级隔振进行了研究。所谓两级隔振,即除了对控制力矩陀螺群(CMGs)等执行机构振动源进行隔振外,还在光学有效载荷和星体之间加入隔振装置。首先建立了含有两级隔振系统以及CMGs和太阳帆板的整星动力学模型,并采用ADAMS工程软件验证了所推导模型的正确性;其次,在合理假设的基础上简化模型,分别求得由扰动源到星体和有效载荷的传递函数矩阵,分析CMGs隔振平台参数变化对姿态控制系统的影响,选择合理参数分析两级隔振系统的频域特性;最后通过数值仿真分析了两级隔振系统在星上应用的可行性,并通过频谱对比分析两级隔振系统对光学有效载荷姿态稳定度的改善程度。     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.     

遥感卫星平台与载荷一体化构型

随着遥感卫星制造技术的不断提高,高精度、高敏捷性、低成本遥感卫星的需求日益强烈。平台与载荷一体化设计是未来高精度、高敏捷性、低成本遥感卫星发展的重要方向之一,平台与载荷一体化构型设计是平台与载荷一体化遥感卫星的关键。目前已有多颗平台与载荷一体化构型的遥感卫星在轨飞行,中国尚处于起步阶段。文章分析了平台与载荷一体化设计的遥感卫星构型;从提高图像定位精度、降低卫星质量、降低建造成本等方面,分析了平台与载荷一体化构型的优势;对载荷设计需具有整星级优化理念、载荷需提供多种接口、平台与载荷间具有强耦合关系等一体化构型的特点进行了总结;给出了一体化构型的建议,如整星形状设计、主承力结构设计、大型部件布局等。     

美国调整军事航天器的发展策略

美国对军事航天器的依赖性不断增强,也面临着航天器越来越长的研制周期和越来越高的研制成本,因此,改变军事航天器的发展策略成为当务之急。美国为提升战场实战能力正在进行发展思路的战略性调整,主要包括:拓展搭载军事有效载荷的途径;推进将大型卫星有效载荷拆分成小卫星的模式;开发分布式军事太空系统结构;对运载资源挖潜;优化商业模式实现业务拓展。对已有卫星的后续系统,进行规模改造与能力提升途径的调整,主要包括:对于军事通信卫星,扩大宽带或"超高频"(SHF)系统,突出窄带或"特高频"(UHF)系统及"先进极高频"(AEHF)系统;分步升级GPS的地面部分,将GPS-3提升为国家关键基础设施;确保导弹预警卫星系统重点。在开发新系统时,美国注重提高效能和降低成本,发展有效的支持能力和低成本小卫星系统,提高低成本机动发射和快速进入太空的能力,并以轨道资源利用为目的开拓新途径。     

超静敏捷卫星隔振与控制的动力学耦合及协同设计方法

高性能的卫星平台需要同时具备敏捷与超静性能,为此一方面要采用大力矩执行机构与高带宽控制,另一方面要采取良好的振动隔离措施,而这两者之间会形成一定的动力学耦合,影响控制性能的最终实现.研究了对含高速转子的执行机构进行隔振引入的陀螺进动问题及其对敏捷控制性能的影响,分析了有效载荷隔振导致的异位控制问题及其对控制稳定性的影响.研究了隔振与控制参数的协同设计方法,提出了基于进动衰减时间的执行机构隔振参数选取原则,以及阻尼常数隔离的有效载荷隔振参数选取原则.基于该设计思路可以实现卫星隔振与控制参数的合理匹配,同时达到较好的超静与敏捷性能.     

Recent advances in precision measurement & pointing control of spacecraft

There exists an increasing need for precision measurement & pointing control and extreme motion stability for current and future space systems, e.g., Ultra-Performance Spacecraft (UPS). Some notable technologies of realizing Ultra-Pointing (UP) ability have been developed particularly for Ultra-accuracy Ultra-stability Ultra-agility (3U) spacecraft over recent decades. Usually, Multilevel Compound Pointing Control Techniques (MCPCTs) are deployed in aerospace engineering, especially in astronomical observation satellites and Earth observation satellites. Modern controllers and/or algorithms, which are a key factor of MCPCTs for 3U spacecraft, especially the jitter phenomena that commonly exist in a UPS Pointing Control System (PCS), have also been effectively used in some UP spacecraft for a number of years. Micro-vibration suppression approaches, however, are often proposed to deal with low-level mechanical vibration or disturbance in the microgravity environment that is common for UPS. This latter approach potentially is one of the most practical UP techniques for 3U tasks. Some emerging advanced Disturbance-Free Payload (DFP) satellites that exploit the benefits of non-contact actuators have also been reported in the literature. This represents an interesting and highly promising approach for solving some challenging problems in the area. This paper serves as a state-of-the-art review of UP technologies and/or methods which have been developed, mainly over the last decade, specifically for or potentially could be used for 3U spacecraft pointing control. The problems discussed in this paper are of reference significance to UPS and millisecond optical sensors, which are involved in Gaofeng Project, deep space exploration, manned space flight, and gravitational wave detection.