基于嵌入式MATLAB函数编程的火星车能量平衡仿真系统

在以往航天器研制过程中,电源系统能量平衡分析是基于表格化计算的方法,其运算效率低、显示不直观。文章提出了一种可视性强、易编程、更通用的能量平衡分析方法,即采用嵌入式MATLAB函数对电源系统能量平衡分析的功能模块进行编程实现,以火星车电源系统为应用背景,在MATLAB/SIMULINK平台上搭建了一套用于能量平衡分析的仿真系统,并在特定实例下进行仿真分析,仿真结果采用图表曲线形式显示,能清晰、直观地反映能源利用的动态变化趋势,可为电源系统方案优化设计提供参考依据。     

一种新型火星定点着陆轨迹快速优化方法

针对火星定点着陆任务大气进入段的轨迹规划问题,给出了一种基于hp Radau伪谱法的快速优化算法。综合考虑大气进入段的动力学约束、边值约束、以及着陆器的机动能力约束和安全性约束,结合hp Radau伪谱法的配点特性,将轨迹优化问题转换成一个大规模多约束参数优化问题,给出了大气进入段轨迹优化问题的求解框架;为了提高算法的计算效率,给出了参数优化过程中雅克比矩阵的解析表达式;并通过数学仿真对本文算法进行了数值验证,结果表明：     

深空探测器被动式高精度多普勒测量方法与应用

针对深空探测器的单程多普勒测量需求,研究了被动式高精度多普勒测量方法及其实现技术。该方法基于探测器测控信标残留载波等点频信号和VLBI测站高精度氢原子钟频标,构造出与实际接收信号频率接近的参考信号;再通过本地相关处理,完成高精度开环多普勒测量。其特色在于完全不需要精确的先验轨道模型。所开发的专用被动式多普勒测量设备,在国内第一次成功用于欧空局环火星探测器“MEX”的多普勒测定轨试验。探测器X频段信号5s积分的单程多普勒测量精度达到 0.2mm/s ,与欧空局测量水平相当。采用该多普勒测量数据的MEX定轨结果与欧空局精密轨道在数百米至千米量级一致。     

火星探测器降落伞拉直过程中的“绳帆”现象研究

针对火星探测器降落伞在拉直过程中出现的“绳帆”现象,以及火星探测器降落伞开伞前初始参数和大气密度与地球环境下的差异,建立了火星探测器降落伞拉直过程的数学模型,研究了火星环境下,伞包弹射速度、开伞前进入器的攻角、开伞马赫数以及大气密度对“绳帆”现象的影响。研究结果表明,选择较大的伞包弹射速度,并将开伞前进入器的攻角严格限定在较小范围内,将有利于避免或降低“绳帆”现象的发生。这一研究结果可为我国实施火星探测时减速着陆系统的设计分析提供一定参考。     

行星着陆探测中的动力学与控制研究进展

着陆探测是获取行星特性和科学数据最直接、最有效的途径,也是目前技术难度最大、最为复杂的探测方式。在行星着陆探测过程中,动力学与控制是影响任务成败的关键因素之一。文章首先分析了行星着陆探测动力学与控制研究所面临的挑战与难题;然后,针对火星和小行星的着陆探测,重点分析了火星着陆进入段和下降段所涉及的动力学与控制,小行星附着探测动力学建模与制导控制的研究现状与关键问题;最后,提出了我国在行星着陆探测动力学与控制领域的未来重点发展方向。     

磁阻尼对火星探测器降落过程的动力学效应

火星稀薄的大气使得探测器再入火星时难以获得足够的减速阻力,为此,文章提出利用磁阻尼增加阻力的概念。高速再入的探测器与火星大气剧烈摩擦产生等离子体,利用探测器上的磁偶极场将等离子体捕获,同时在火星大气中形成一个“磁泡”区域并跟随探测器。由“磁泡”束缚的等离子体与来流的中性气体发生碰撞获得动量,又通过磁场作用将动量传递给探测器,从而使探测器获得一定的减速阻力。在磁阻尼的作用下,在同样的开伞高度探测器速度可降至更低,而低速开伞又可提高阻力伞打开的可靠性。因此,磁阻尼不仅可加快降低再入速度,而且还有助于提高探测器着陆火星的安全性。     

New trade tree for manned mars missions

Recent studies on human missions to Mars suggest revisiting the parameters that have the most important impact on the complexity, the initial mass in low Earth orbit, the risks and the development costs for the first journey to the red planet. In the last NASA reference mission, a trade tree is proposed.     

Roadmap to a human Mars mission

We propose a new roadmap for the preparation of the first human mission to Mars. This proposal is based on the work of ISECG and several recent recommendations on human Mars mission architectures. A table is proposed to compare the possible benefits of different preparatory missions. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of qualifying important systems thanks to a heavy Mars sample return mission. It is shown that this mission is mandatory for the qualification of Mars aerocapture at scale-1, EDL systems at scale 1 and Mars ascent. Moreover, it is a good opportunity to test many other systems, such as the heavy launcher and the transportation systems for the trips beyond LEO. These tests were not mentioned in the last ISECG report. This strategy is facilitated in the case of the simplified Mars mission scenarios that have recently been presented because it is suggested that relatively small vehicles with small crew sizes are used in order to optimize the payload mass fraction of the landing vehicles and to avoid the LEO assembly. An important finding of the study is that a human mission to the surface of the Moon is not required for the qualification of the systems of a human mission to Mars. Since affordability is a key criterion, two important missions are proposed in the roadmap. The first is a heavy Mars sample return mission and the second is a manned mission to a high Earth orbit or eventually to the vicinity of the Moon. It is shown that both missions are complementary and sufficient to qualify all the critical systems of the Mars mission.     

Earth and Mars observation using periodic orbits

This paper reports the results of a general study carried out on the Periodic Multi-SunSynchronous Orbits (PMSSOs), which the classical Periodic SunSynchronous Orbits (PSSOs) represent a specific solution of. Such orbits allow to obtain cycles of observation of the same region in which the solar illumination regularly varies according to the value of the orbit elements and comes back to the initial condition after a time interval which is multiple of the revisit time. Therefore this kind of orbits meets all the remote sensing applications that need observations of the same area at different local times (for example the reconstruction of the day-nighttime trend of the surface temperature of the planet) and it is particularly suitable to the study of several terrestrial and martian phenomena (diurnal cycle of the hazes and clouds, dynamics of the thermal tides, density variations, meteorology phenomena, etc.). The design of PMSSO is based on the variation of the Right Ascension of the Ascending Node due to the Earth oblateness (referred as basic solution). However, with respect to the basic solution, the analysis of the perturbative effects has demonstrated the need, especially in the case of Mars, to take into account all the superior harmonics of the gravitational field. To this end a corrective factor, to add to the basic equations, has been proposed, allowing a significant saving of propellant (of the order of 2 km/s per year). Besides, single and multi-plane satellite constellations have been taken into account in order to improve the repetition of observation and the ground spatial resolution.     

萤火一号火星探测器轨道设计与科学探测事件分析

针对萤火一号火星探测器在2011年发射窗口的轨道进行初步设计.在此基础上,分析了萤火一号火星探测器绕火星飞行的轨道特性,预报其穿越火星弓激波和磁堆积区域、CCD相机拍照时刻,其与深空站进行星-地掩星试验和与俄罗斯Phobos-Grunt火星探测器进行星-星掩星试验的时刻.结果表明,萤火一号火星探测器在与俄罗斯Phobos-Grunt分离后一年的环火飞行时间里,存在大量的科学探测机会.