Investigation on surface integrity of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4 V by precision grinding and electropolishing

Electron beam melting (EBM), as an excellent Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology, enables the printing of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy for a wide range of applications such as aerospace and biomechanical industries. It improves functionality and integrity of components and negates complexities in assembly processes. However, due to the poor surface and sub-surface integrity represented by the rough surface finish and low dimensional accuracy, achieving a favorable surface condition is quite challenging. Therefore, post processing becomes essential for these electron beam melted (EBM-ed) Ti-6Al-4 V alloys. Being the most common technique to improve such parts, milling of Ti-6Al-4 V alloy is very challenging and resulting tool wear issues, due to its unique material properties. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive study on the surface integrity of EBM-ed Ti-6Al-4 V parts processed by precision grinding and electropolishing, aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively clarify the interrelation between process parameters and processed surface quality. The surface and subsurface characteristics such as profile accuracy, surface roughness, microstructure, defective layer and residual stress before and after post processing were compared and evaluated. The results show that by precision grinding, the profile accuracy was improved from over 300 µm PV to 7 µm PV, while surface roughness (R_a) was reduced from 30 µm to about 2 µm. The layer with partially melt particles was removed, but introduced a deformed subsurface layer with more residual stress. Then by applying electropolishing, the residual stress was released and the deformed layer was removed. In addition, R_a was further reduced to 0.65 µm. The research can serve as a reference for the integration of post machining processes with AM.     

高纯钨磨削加工试验研究

为探究适用于高纯钨磨削加工的砂轮,使用80~#绿碳化硅砂轮和金刚石砂轮开展磨削对比试验,从工件表面粗糙度角度评价上述两种砂料对高纯钨磨削加工表面的影响。试验结果表明,绿碳化硅砂轮对应的工件得到了更理想的表面粗糙度。使用绿碳化硅砂轮开展工艺试验,分析在不同磨削参数下加工表面粗糙度的变化趋势,以此为依据对高纯钨磨削加工工艺参数进行评价与优化。综合考虑加工表面粗糙度以及加工效率,得出适合于钨磨削加工的参数为砂轮线速度v_s=23m/s、磨削深度a_p=8μm、工作台进给速度v_w=10m/min,该参数下得到的表面粗糙度均值为0.336μm。     

钛合金风扇叶片磨抛加工性能试验研究

针对钛合金风扇叶片磨抛加工中砂轮易磨损、工件表面易烧伤的问题,开展了钛合金材料磨抛加工性试验研究,主要考察砂轮选型、磨抛工艺参数等关键因素对钛合金材料磨抛加工性的影响,并对试验结果进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,在保证工件表面加工质量(R_a0.8μm,表面无烧伤)的前提下,普通磨料砂轮GC46L10V磨抛加工钛合金的材料去除率和磨抛比分别可达5000mm~3/min和2.5,超硬磨料陶瓷结合剂CBN砂轮磨抛加工钛合金的材料去除率和磨抛比分别可达2000mm~3/min和4。基于研究结果,针对钛合金风扇叶片开展了砂带磨抛加工验证试验,工件加工质量良好。     

颗粒增强钛基复材缓进深切磨削加工研究

颗粒增强钛基复合材料(PTMCs)属于典型的难加工材料,在航空航天领域具有广阔应用前景.本文开展了PTMCs材料的缓进深切磨削研究,揭示了磨削用量和磨削方式(顺磨与逆磨)对磨削力与磨削温度的影响规律,同时利用有限元法分析了磨削温度场特征和材料去除机理.研究发现,缓进深切磨削PTMCs时,磨削力随工件进给速度和切深增加而增加,顺磨时的磨削力比逆磨大10％～20％,而顺磨的磨削温度要比逆磨约低10％.由于逆磨和顺磨工件的温度分布不同,当切深大于0.6mm、工件进给速度大于400mm/min时,顺磨比逆磨更易发生烧伤.在此基础上,提出了顺磨与逆磨条件下磨削温度场仿真计算的不同热源模型与边界条件,分别获得了两种磨削方式的温度分布特征,有限元仿真结果与试验结果相符.颗粒增强钛基复材磨削表面典型加工缺陷是表面涂覆和硬脆增强相破碎和拔出导致的孔洞,单颗磨粒切厚对硬脆增强相的去除行为有显著的影响.     

精密轴的加工与稳定化处理

文章介绍了航天遥感器中精密滑动轴的机械加工与磨削及稳定性处理等特点。包括材料性能,刀具材料与几何参数,磨料与磨削工艺参数及稳定性处理。     

航空发动机叶片加工变形控制技术研究现状

叶片的加工精度及其稳定性对航空发动机的性能有直接的影响,然而,其加工难度较大,型面轮廓精度和表面质量很难稳定地达到设计要求。为此,国内外研究者提出了许多叶片加工变形的控制方法。在深入分析叶片变形形成机理的基础上,对现有的叶片加工变形控制方法进行分类总结和分析,阐述了不同叶片变形控制方法的原理和特点。同时,结合目前叶片的结构特点、材料特性和主要加工工艺难题指出,控制叶片型面的加工残余应力变形是实现20μm级叶片型面加工精度的关键,并且指出利用超硬砂轮悬臂高速磨削加工是实现中小型叶片型面综合变形控制的有效方法之一。     

磨削力的实时采集和数据处理

磨削一般是零件加工的最后一道工序。磨削过程较为复杂，磨削力的大小不仅影响工件的表面质量，而且还影响零件的精度。在磨削机理研究及生产实际中常常需对磨削力进行测试，通过调整磨削用量，修整砂轮，实现在允许的磨削力范围内进行加工。提出了在磨床上安装测力系统，并采用单片机对磨削力信号进行实时采集处理，建立磨削力的经验公式，同时显示并打印结果。     

Prediction on grinding force during grinding powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with electroplated CBN abrasive wheel

In this article, a grinding force model, which is on the basis of cutting process of single abrasive grains combined with the method of theoretical derivation and empirical formula by analyzing the formation mechanism of grinding force, was established. Three key factors have been taken into accounts in this model, such as the contact friction force between abrasive grains and materials, the plastic deformation of material in the process of abrasive plowing, and the shear strain effect of material during the process of cutting chips formation. The model was finally validated by the orthogonal grinding experiment of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 by using the electroplated CBN abrasive wheel. Grinding force values of prediction and experiment were in good consistency. The errors of tangential grinding force and normal grinding force were 9.8% and 13.6%, respectively. The contributions of sliding force, plowing force and chip formation force were also analyzed. In addition, the tangential forces of sliding, plowing and chip formation are 14%, 19% and 11% of the normal forces on average, respectively. The pro-posed grinding force model is not only in favor of optimizing the grinding parameters and improving grinding efficiency, but also contributes to study some other grinding subjects (e.g. abrasive wheel wear, grinding heat, residual stress).     

高体积比铝基SiC复合材料的铣磨试验研究

为了改善高体积比铝基SiC复合材料的可加工性,提高加工效率,本文对高体积比铝基SiC复合材料进行了平面铣磨加工试验研究.试验结果表明,高体积比铝基SiC复合材料在铣磨加工中主要表现为脆性材料的特性,电镀金刚石砂轮在磨削过程中不会出现磨屑粘附现象.SiC颗粒的破损程度是影响表面粗糙度的主要因素,并且在相同磨削参数和条件的情况下随着颗粒的破损程度、砂轮粒度的增大和进给速度vf的降低,磨削表面的粗糙度值会逐渐减小.在给定其他试验参数的情况下,120#的φ8mm电镀砂轮适合进行粗磨,并且磨削的材料去除率能够达到2400mm3/min,同时进给抗力Fz小于25N,磨宽抗力Fx和磨深抗力Fy小于15N.使用230#的φ8mm电镀砂轮进行精磨能够保证表面形成率达到6400mm2/min,并使表面粗糙度优于Ra0.4μm.     

Review on monolayer CBN superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials

A state-of-the-art review on monolayer electroplated and brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials has been provided in this article. The fabrication techniques and mechanisms of the monolayer CBN wheels are discussed. Grain distri-bution, wheel dressing, wear behavior, and wheel performance are analyzed in detail. Sample appli-cations of monolayer CBN wheel for grinding steels, titanium alloys, and nickel-based superalloys are also provided. Finally, this article highlights opportunities for further investigation of mono-layer CBN grinding wheels.