含边缘裂纹铝合金厚板的复合材料双面修补研究

采用表面打磨,80℃、接触压固化的方法,利用碳纤维/双马复合材料预固化补片对边缘裂纹的铝合金厚板进行双面胶接修补,测试修补前后的静态和疲劳性能,并结合高低温老化和常温油浸试验考核其耐煤油性。结果表明:修补后平均破坏载荷由94.313 kN增加到143.593 kN,提高了52.25%;疲劳寿命由2 019次循环增加到34 698次循环,提高了16.19倍;临界裂纹长度由13.5 mm增加为27.5 mm;裂纹扩展速率由2.72 mm/1 000循环降低为0.59 mm/1 000循环。在300次循环高低温油浸及180 d的常温油浸试验条件下,燃油对试验件疲劳性能无影响,同时修补试验件对煤油品质无明显影响。     

面向客机总体设计的涡扇发动机分析模型

建立一种用于估算涡扇发动机特性的工程分析模型，该模型以涡喷发动机推力估算模型与涡扇发动机效率分析方法为基础，引入高涵道比涡扇发动机的循环分析方法进行修正。利用该模型可以获取涡扇发动机的推力和油耗特性，进而考察总体循环参数对发动机性能的影响。通过与文献验证数据对比，判定了分析模型的精度。该模型只需要输入少量参数就可以快速完成计算过程，适合于飞机总体设计阶段，可以评估涡扇发动机参数对飞机性能的影响。     

Automatic differentiation based discrete adjoint method for aerodynamic design optimization on unstructured meshes

A systematic methodology for formulating, implementing, solving and verifying discrete adjoint of the compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for aerodynamic design optimization on unstructured meshes is proposed. First, a general adjoint formulation is con-structed for the entire optimization problem, including parameterization, mesh deformation, flow solution and computation of the objective function, which is followed by detailed formulations of matrix-vector products arising in the adjoint model. According to this formulation, procedural components of implementing the required matrix-vector products are generated by means of auto-matic differentiation (AD) in a structured and modular manner. Furthermore, a duality-preserving iterative algorithm is employed to solve flow adjoint equations arising in the adjoint model, ensur-ing identical convergence rates for the tangent and the adjoint models. A three-step strategy is adopted to verify the adjoint computation. The proposed method has several remarkable features:the use of AD techniques avoids tedious and error-prone manual derivation and programming;duality is strictly preserved so that consistent and highly accurate discrete sensitivities can be obtained; and comparable efficiency to hand-coded implementation can be achieved. Upon the cur-rent discrete adjoint method, a gradient-based optimization framework has been developed and applied to a drag reduction problem.     

Air route network optimization in fragmented airspace based on cellular automata

Air route network optimization,one of the essential parts of the airspace planning,is an effective way to optimize airspace resources,increase airspace capacity,and alleviate air traffic con gestion.However,little has been done on the optimization of air route network in the fragmented airspace caused by prohibited,restricted,and dangerous areas (PRDs).In this paper,an air route network optimization model is developed with the total operational cost as the objective function while airspace restriction,air route network capacity,and non-straight-line factors (NSLF) are taken as major constraints.A square grid cellular space,Moore neighbors,a fixed boundary,together with a set of rules for solving the route network optimization model are designed based on cellular automata.The empirical traffic of airports with the largest traffic volume in each of the 9 flight information regions in mainland China is collected as the origin-destination (OD) air port pair demands.Based on traffic patterns,the model generates 35 air routes which successfully avoids 144 PRDs.Compared with the current air route network structure,the number of nodes decreases by 41.67％,while the total length of flight segments and air routes drop by 32.03％ and 5.82％ respectively.The NSLF decreases by 5.82％ with changes in the total length of the air route network.More importantly,the total operational cost of the whole network decreases by 6.22％.The computational results show the potential benefits of the model and the advantage of the algorithm.Optimization of air route network can significantly reduce operational cost while ensuring operation safety.     

A coupling VWM/CFD/CSD method for rotor airload prediction

A coupling fluid-structure method with a combination of viscous wake model(VWM),computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and comprehensive structural dynamics(CSD) modules is developed in this paper for rotor unsteady airload prediction. The hybrid VWM/CFD solver is employed to model the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena and complicated rotor wake dynamics;the moderate deflection beam theory is implemented to predict the blade structural deformation; the loose coupling strategy based on the ‘delt method' is used to couple the fluid and structure solvers.Several cases of Helishape 7A rotor are performed first to investigate the effect of elastic deformation on airloads. Then, two challenging forward flight conditions of UH-60 A helicopter rotor are investigated, and the simulated results of wake geometry, chordwise pressure distribution and sectional normal force show excellent agreement with available test data; a comparison with traditional CFD/CSD method is also presented to illustrate the efficiency of the developed method.     

仿鞭毛菌游动的微型机器人近壁运动

鞭毛菌及模仿其运行的微机器人在靠近壁面游动时，其运动模式与远离壁面时有所不同。针对这一现象，本文利用抗力理论和Stokes方程的线性性质，对鞭毛菌在壁面附近运动时流体对其施加的作用力进行分析，建立了鞭毛菌近壁运动的动力学模型。同时计算了细菌在平行于壁面平面内的运动轨迹与游动速度，并与实验数据进行对比分析，结果验证了该理论模型 的有效性。在此基础上，探讨了鞭毛尾的几何和运动学参数与细菌的速度变化量之间的关系。本文研究为微型仿生游动机器人运动控制时规避近壁效应提供参考依据。     

一种验证科氏加速度存在的实验装置及其动力学分析

科氏加速度是理论力学中公认的教学重点和难点,如何将科氏加速度形象地展示出来一直是学者与高校老师追求的目标。针对这一知识点,结合地球仪的外形,巧妙地实现了小球在科氏地球仪上旋转运动和直线运动的完美结合。根据科氏加速度理论,设计转速可调的旋转平台,在平台上设置能实现不同速度的直线运动装置,小球在旋转平台上作直线运动,从而受到科氏力的作用。初始状态时,安装在运动装置内的钢球处于平衡状态;工作时,由于科氏力的作用,钢球压迫弹簧,弹簧发生变形,利用滑轮、引线和位移补偿丝杆组成的传递机构,将弹簧变形量传递到显示装置,从而显示科氏加速度的存在。与现有科氏加速度验证实验装置所不同的是,此装置结构新颖,能吸引学生深入理解和掌握科氏加速度的概念。     

Effects of process parameters on mechanical properties of abrasive-assisted electroformed nickel

A cathode mandrel with translational and rotational motion, which was supposed to obtain uniform friction effect on surface, was employed in abrasive-assisted electroforming for revolving parts with complex profile. The effects of current density, translational speed and rotational speed on the deposit properties were studied by orthogonal test. The tensile strength, elongation and micro hardness value were measured to find out how the factors affected the properties. The optimized results show that changes of current density affect the tensile strength of nickel layer most, while translational speed has the most remarkable influences on both elonga-tion and micro hardness. The low rotational speed affects the properties least. In this experiment, a smooth nickel layer with tensile strength 581 MPa, elongation 17%and micro hardness 248HV is obtained by the orthogonal test.     

弹用“X”,型倒置二元进气道方案与常规正置方案的气动性能对比

为提高来流马赫数范围为2~4的“X”型进气系统大攻角下的稳定裕度,设计并研究了一种倒置二元进气道设计方案,并将其与正置方案进行了比较。结果表明:来流马赫数为2.3~3.5，攻角范围为0°~6°时，倒置布局设计方案总体性能较优,未出现明显激波/附面层干扰问题,能够满足设计要求。在采用相同的进气道设计方案时,倒置布局其迎风与背风进气道结尾激波位置及总体性能参数差异更小；0°攻角时倒置布局临界总压恢复系数与正置布局相当,4°攻角时倒置布局比正置布局高2%~3%,8°攻角时普遍高19%以上,且来流马赫数越高提升幅度越明显,8°攻角下倒置布局总流量系数较正置布局高6%左右。研究还发现,当来流马赫数较低时倒置布局总阻力低于正置布局, 4°攻角时低1.7%；而来流马赫数较高时倒置布局总阻力高于正置布局,4°攻角时高2.0%。      

一种小长高比组合发动机喷管气动设计及性能分析

在强几何约束条件下，对一种Ma=0~6.0的小长高比组合发动机喷管气动设计开展了初步研究。采用特征线法设计程序开展了喷管型线设计，并对设计点马赫数选取、三维侧向膨胀角、喷管双通道相对位置对喷管气动性能的影响开展了研究，给出了兼顾空间有效利用与喷管气动性能的喷管气动设计方案。数值模拟结果显示:降低设计点马赫数可以改善组合发动机喷管在低马赫数飞行时的性能，避免喷管出现严重过膨胀；喷管保持出口高度不变时，随着侧向膨胀角的増大，其高马赫数气动性能较优，而低马赫数气动性能下降严重。涡轮/冲压发动机喷管出口相对位置对并联布局组合发动机喷管转级点气动性能影响较大，且存在一个最佳位置布局，使得转级点达到最优的推力性能。获得的组合发动机喷管在设计马赫数下的推力系数约为0.920，模态转换过程流场平稳过渡，推力系数不低于0.918。