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71.
Emergence of a Habitable Planet 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kevin Zahnle Nick Arndt Charles Cockell Alex Halliday Euan Nisbet Franck Selsis Norman H. Sleep 《Space Science Reviews》2007,129(1-3):35-78
We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot
silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere.
It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal
blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal
heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K
CO2 atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO2 was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this
case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate
subduction were inefficient the CO2 would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years.
Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat
flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands
of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics
as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m2. In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to
heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved
>4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable
as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact. 相似文献
72.
Martin A. Lee 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):221-229
Gradual solar energetic particle (SEP) events are evidently accelerated by coronal/interplanetary shocks driven by coronal
mass ejections. This talk addresses the different factors which determine the composition of the accelerated ions. The first
factor is the set of available seed populations including the solar wind core and suprathermal tail, remnant impulsive events
from preceding solar flares, and remnant gradual events. The second factor is the fractionation of the seed ions by the injection
process, that is, what fraction of the ions are extracted by the shock to participate in diffusive shock acceleration. Injection
is a controversial topic since it depends on the detailed electromagnetic structure of the shock transition and the transport
of ions in these structured fields, both of which are not well understood or determined theoretically. The third factor is
fractionation during the acceleration process, due to the dependence of ion transport in the turbulent electromagnetic fields
adjacent to the shock on the mass/charge ratio. Of crucial importance in the last two factors is the magnetic obliquity of
the shock. The form of the proton-excited hydromagnetic wave spectrum is also important. Finally, more subtle effects on ion
composition arise from the superposition of ion contributions over the time history of the shock along the observer’s magnetic
flux tube, and the sequence of flux tubes sampled by the observer. 相似文献
73.
企业经济效益综合评价与分级管理方法 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
本文针对财政部设计的企业经济效益评价指标体系,用多目标优化方法的思想对其进行优化处理,并且数理统计方法将各指标值折算成分数以符合人们的习惯;同时,用数理分析等方法将所得的评价序列进行分级归类管理。 相似文献
74.
75.
介绍了大型空间模拟器真空测量自动化的实施和特点,以及真空度的描述方法,对真空测量自动化的进一步发展提出了设想。 相似文献
76.
77.
谌勇 《华北航天工业学院学报》2005,15(1):28-31
运用现代财务管理知识结合我国高校后勤的特点,就高校后勤社会化改革中涉及到的有关配套政策措施和财务管理问题进行了深入分析研究。 相似文献
78.
Mauro Orlandini 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2742-2746
Broad-band spectra of accreting X-ray binary pulsars can be fitted by a phenomenological model composed of a power law with a high energy rollover above 10 keV, plus a blackbody component with a temperature of few hundred eV. While, at least qualitatively, the hard tail can be explained in terms of (inverse) Compton scattering, the origin of the soft component cannot find a unique explanation. Recently, a qualitative picture able to explain the overall broad-band spectrum of luminous X-ray pulsars was carried out by taking into account the effect of bulk Comptonization in the accretion column. After a review of these recent theoretical developments, I will present a case study of how different modeling of the continuum affect broad features, in particular the cyclotron resonance features in Vela X-1. 相似文献
79.
A.G. Lyne 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2006,38(12):2716-2720
A recent multibeam pulsar survey of the outer Galactic plane at Parkes has discovered the first-known double-pulsar binary, a very compact double neutron star system in which both stars are observable as radio pulsars. In this review, we briefly describe the discovery and the studies which have been enabled by the unique properties of the system. These range from the most precise confirmation yet of the theory of general relativity, with the possibility of even more new tests and the measurement of second-order post-Newtonian effects, to studies of the magnetospheres and emission properties of the two pulsars. The discovery also results in a significant increase in the expected rate of occurrence of the mergers of double neutron star systems, and hence the rate of detection of such events by the new ground-based gravitational wave detectors. 相似文献
80.
19世纪40年代以前中国复式簿记思想的成长轨迹 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
刘常青 《郑州航空工业管理学院学报(管理科学版)》2005,23(3):65-69
中国复式簿记思想经历了短暂且柔弱的胚胎形式,并从人名账户思想、物名账户思想、账户平衡思想等主要方面写下了它的成长轨迹,在18世纪中叶达到了它相对成熟的阶段. 相似文献