空中加油系统的建模与控制技术综述

空中加油已经成熟应用超过半个世纪,但其建模与控制技术仍是航空界的研究热点与难点之一。综合大量文献,回顾了空中加油的发展历程和战略价值所在,比较研究了2种加油方式各自的优劣,总结了近年开展的系统建模和控制相关的研究成果。基于硬式加油与软式加油的功能互补之效,提出了借助研制大型运输机的契机发展硬式加油技术的观点。通过研究国内已经开展的相关工作及其不足之处,论证了开展系统建模与控制专项研究的必要性与积极意义。结合硬式加油系统的特点,提出了建模时应该综合考虑系统多刚体、多构型、强扰动与不确定性、受弹性形变与弹性振荡影响等特点,并提出了与之对应的伸缩管姿态控制、对接状态应力自动补偿、对接过程协同控制、抑制弹性振荡影响、半物理实验平台开发等关键问题。     

载人航天器空气环境参数控制非定常仿真分析

为支持乘员在轨驻留,载人航天器需通过空气环境控制系统将众多设计参数和空气环境参数控制在指标范围内。文章建立了一种载人航天器空气环境非定常控制仿真分析模型,包括舱体模块、航天员模块、舱压控制模块、温湿度控制模块以及CO2净化模块。利用该模型分析了载人航天器空气环境参数随乘员代谢水平的非定常变化趋势,并评估了控制系统的工作性能。结果表明:乘员代谢水平变化对空气环境参数有显著影响,通过调节控制系统运行参数可将各空气参数控制在有效指标范围内。人区温度与O2分压、CO2分压和人区湿度有密切的影响关系,不可孤立地进行分析。为载人航天器空气环境参数控制系统的设计和流程改进提供了依据。     

应用协同射流控制的临近空间螺旋桨高增效方法

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程与多块搭接网格技术,数值模拟了协同射流(CFJ)翼型及桨叶的黏性绕流,分析了CFJ技术的增升减阻效果及工作机理。研究了CFJ的功率及效能比的分析方法,量化分析了CFJ的能量利用率。开展了喷口大小、喷口动量系数等参数对CFJ翼型性能的影响规律研究,并在此基础上开展了应用CFJ的临近空间螺旋桨高增效方法研究。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实验值吻合良好,在不同状态下,CFJ控制技术均能显著改善翼型气动性能。其中,最大升力系数提高了60%~130%;阻力系数降低了100%~440%,部分小迎角工况甚至出现负阻力系数,升阻比显著提高;翼型失速特性明显改善,失速迎角提高了近10°;能量利用率高,效能比可达440%。最终,在最优参数条件设置下,采用基于CFJ控制技术的临近空间螺旋桨可提高效率5%以上。     

发动机

AETD项目将获巨额投资 根据2015财年预算申请,美国空军将在2015财年为自适应发动机（AETD）技术成熟工作拨款5900万美元。资金来自技术转移计划（TTP）。AETD技术转移计划从2013财年启动,到2016财年的预算共计1．81亿美元,     

Singular formalism and admissible control of spacecraft with rotating flexible solar array

This paper is concerned with the attitude control of a three-axis-stabilized spacecraft which consists of a central rigid body and a flexible sun-tracking solar array driven by a solar array drive assembly. Based on the linearization of the dynamics of the spacecraft and the modal identi- ties about the flexible and rigid coupling matrices, the spacecraft attitude dynamics is reduced to a formally singular system with periodically varying parameters, which is quite different from a space- craft with fixed appendages. In the framework of the singular control theory, the regularity and impulse-freeness of the singular system is analyzed and then admissible attitude controllers are designed by Lyapunov＇s method. To improve the robustness against system uncertainties, an H∞ optimal control is designed by optimizing the H∞ norm of the system transfer function matrix. Comparative numerical experiments are performed to verify the theoretical results.     

Sliding mode control based guidance law with impact angle constraint

The terminal guidance problem for an unpowered lifting reentry vehicle against a sta- tionary target is considered. In addition to attacking the target with high accuracy, the vehicle is also expected to achieve a desired impact angle. In this paper, a sliding mode control （SMC）-based guidance law is developed to satisfy the terminal angle constraint. Firstly, a specific sliding mode function is designed, and the terminal requirements can be achieved by enforcing both the sliding mode function and its derivative to zero at the end of the flight. Then, a backstepping approach is used to ensure the finite-time reaching phase of the sliding mode and the analytic expression of the control effort can be obtained. The trajectories generated by this method only depend on the initial and terminal conditions of the terminal phase and the instantaneous states of the vehicle. In order to test the performance of the proposed guidance law in practical application, numerical simulations are carried out by taking all the aerodynamic parameters into consideration. The effec- tiveness of the proposed guidance law is verified by the simulation results in various scenarios.     

Attitude control system design and on-orbit performance analysis of nano-satellite––‘‘Tian Tuo 1’’

‘‘Tian Tuo 1'(TT-1) nano-satellite is the first single-board nano-satellite that was successfully launched in China. The main objective of TT-1 is technology demonstration and scientific measurements. The satellite carries out the significant exploration of single-board architecture feasibility validation, and it is tailored to the low-cost philosophy by adopting numerous commercialoff-the-shelf(COTS) components. The satellite is featured with three-axis stabilization control capability. A pitch bias momentum wheel and three magnetic coils are adopted as control actuators.The sun sensors, magnetometers and a three-axis gyro are employed as the measurement sensors.The quaternion estimator(QUEST) and unscented Kalman filter(UKF) method are adopted for the nano-satellite attitude determination. On-orbit data received by ground station is conducted to analysis the performance of attitude determination and control system(ADCS). The results show that the design of ADCS for TT-1 is suitable, robust and feasible.     

Adaptive Gaussian sum squared-root cubature Kalman filter with split-merge scheme for state estimation

The paper deals with state estimation problem of nonlinear non-Gaussian discrete dynamic systems for improvement of accuracy and consistency. An efficient new algorithm called the adaptive Gaussian-sum square-root cubature Kalman filter（AGSSCKF） with a split-merge scheme is proposed. It is developed based on the squared-root extension of newly introduced cubature Kalman filter（SCKF） and is built within a Gaussian-sum framework. Based on the condition that the probability density functions of process noises and initial state are denoted by a Gaussian sum using optimization method, a bank of SCKF are used as the sub-filters to estimate state of system with the corresponding weights respectively, which is adaptively updated. The new algorithm consists of an adaptive splitting and merging procedure according to a proposed split-decision model based on the nonlinearity degree of measurement. The results of two simulation scenarios（one-dimensional state estimation and bearings-only tracking） show that the proposed filter demonstrates comparable performance to the particle filter with significantly reduced computational cost.     

基于自适应粒子滤波的涡扇发动机故障诊断

针对涡扇发动机非线性、非高斯的特点,提出了一种自适应的粒子滤波算法用于涡扇发动机气路部件突变故障的诊断.为了减小算法的计算量并且保证滤波精度,分析了滤波精度和样本数目的关系,提出根据滤波过程中状态的方差自适应地调整粒子数,在保证一定的滤波精度下可以有效地减少滤波过程中使用的粒子数,提高了算法的实时性.同时,引入扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)用于更新粒子,产生重要概率密度函数,在一定程度上避免了粒子的退化.通过某型涡扇发动机的仿真分析表明:改进的算法相比标准粒子滤波算法用于涡扇发动机气路部件故障诊断时,参数估计的方均根误差减小了50%左右,且算法的计算量减小了30%.     

基于高速慢车的航空发动机快速响应控制

针对传统航空发动机响应速度慢,难以在紧急事件中用于控制受损飞机完成起降过程的问题,采用高速慢车控制模式来提升发动机加速性能,通过增加发动机在慢车时高压压气机转速,为加速前期提供更大的燃油流量,从而缩短发动机从慢车至最大状态的加速时间。为保证慢车时高压转子转速提高的同时发动机推力和稳定裕度不变,通过修改高压压气机可调导叶控制计划来调整高压转子工作点。仿真结果显示,与原有控制相比,采用高速慢车快速响应控制模式的发动机加速上升时间从原来的2.00s缩短至1.86s,而高压压气机最小喘振裕度仅由16.01%下降至14.81%,同时慢车推力基本保持不变。