Revisiting the space-time gradient method: A time-clocking perspective,high order difference time discretization and comparison with the harmonic balance method

This paper revisits the Space-Time Gradient (STG) method which was developed for efficient analysis of unsteady flows due to rotor–stator interaction and presents the method from an alternative time-clocking perspective. The STG method requires reordering of blade passages according to their relative clocking positions with respect to blades of an adjacent blade row. As the space-clocking is linked to an equivalent time-clocking, the passage reordering can be performed according to the alternative time-clocking. With the time-clocking perspective, unsteady flow solutions from different passages of the same blade row are mapped to flow solutions of the same passage at different time instants or phase angles. Accordingly, the time derivative of the unsteady flow equation is discretized in time directly, which is more natural than transforming the time derivative to a spatial one as with the original STG method. To improve the solution accuracy, a ninth order difference scheme has been investigated for discretizing the time derivative. To achieve a stable solution for the high order scheme, the implicit solution method of Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel/Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS/GS) has been employed. The NASA Stage 35 and its blade-count-reduced variant are used to demonstrate the validity of the time-clocking based passage reordering and the advantages of the high order difference scheme for the STG method. Results from an existing harmonic balance flow solver are also provided to contrast the two methods in terms of solution stability and computational cost.     

分析计算航天飞机气动系数的边界元局部方法

空间运载工具设计阶段为分析比较不同外形高超音速各流动领域的性能,广泛应用局部方法。在其原始形式下,形状函数计算繁复,并限于简单几何外形组成的轴对称体。用边界元局部方法进行形状函数计算,可免去原局部方法面积分的繁复和藉助表格的局限。对STS-1轨道飞行器外形进行计算得到丁形状函数,并根据实验数据确定领域系数。由此计算出飞行器的法向力、轴向力和俯仰力矩系数,计算结果与实验数据相符。     

洛仑兹力控制高超声速进气道边界层分离的数值模拟

采用空间HUE格式、时间LU-SGS推进、sst-kw湍流模型、多块结构网格程序,对磁流体动力学(Magnetohydrodynamic:MHD)控制高超声速二维进气道边界层分离进行了数值研究.研究发现,不施加控制时,数值模拟得到的壁面静压和实验结果符合良好,进气道喉道处分离区占据喉道高度的1/3左右.通过施加MHD控制,消除了进气道内部的边界层分离,总压恢复系数从0.502提高到0.56,喉道处流场畸变系数减小了18.6%.     

进口速度和含气率对气泡-液体两相湍流影响的数值研究

气泡-液体两相湍流规律的一个重要问题是,气泡究竟是加强还是削弱液体湍流,或者何时加强何时削弱液体湍流,尚有待深入探讨.本文用作者们提出的二阶矩液体-气泡两相湍流模型即两相雷诺应力方程模型模拟了二维通道内气泡-液体闭式多股射流在不同含气率和不同进口速度下的气泡和液体湍流脉动速度.预报结果和文献中给出的实验结果趋势一致.研究结果显示出低含气率及低进口速度下气泡增强液体湍流,高含气率及高进口速度下气泡削弱液体湍流的规律,澄清了众说纷纭的看法.     

混合气体流动的一种数值模拟方法

本文建立一个数值模拟完全气体混合流动的理论模型.该模型首先应用混合气体的Euler方程和每种气体组分的质量分数方程来控制流动.为了消除混合网格内气体组分界面附近出现的非物理振荡,我们假定混合气体的每种组分达到了动力学平衡状态然而尚未达到热力学平衡状态.这种思想导致需要另外给定每种气体组分的总能量方程.为使用高分辨格式来求解这组双曲型偏微分方程并且简化对所需要的Jacobi矩阵的推导,混合气体的压力方程也被耦合起来.Godunov型的波传播方法被采用来离散求解所获得的控制方程.从典型算例结果来看,一维问题的数值解与精确解一致,二维问题的数值解与理论分析一致.这说明本文的理论模型是合理的.     

稀薄流航天器鼻锥迎风凹腔气动力和气动热性能研究

本文采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)方法,对高超声速稀薄流中航天器鼻锥迎风凹腔气动力与气动热性能进行了数值研究。得到了鼻锥外壁面、凹腔侧壁面以及凹腔底面的热流密度分布,分析了不同凹腔深宽比对鼻锥冷却效率以及凹腔腔体内气体参数的影响;以深宽比为1的凹腔为基准,研究了凹腔唇口钝化半径对航天器气动热与气动力的影响。数值结果表明,高超声速稀薄流中迎风凹腔能够降低鼻锥外壁面的热流密度;当凹腔深宽比达到1之后,凹腔侧壁面热流变化趋于一致,热流密度最低点的轴向位置不随深宽比改变,且凹腔底部热流很小;凹腔近底部气体均由稀薄流转化为连续流,腔内气体压力不断振荡;唇口钝化没有明显优势,虽然可以降低鼻锥峰值热流,但是会带来严重的气动力性能下降。     

基于高斯伪谱法的吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升弹道优化研究

吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升弹道设计是其总体设计的一个重要问题。这里提出一种基于高斯伪谱法的弹道优化方法,用于解决该问题。以末端弹道倾角为性能指标,飞行攻角为设计变量,建立了飞行器纵平面弹道优化模型。通过高斯伪谱法对状态变量和控制变量进行离散,将最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题,再利用序列二次规划算法对其进一步求解。仿真结果表明,该方法收敛域大,对初值不敏感,设计精度高,是吸气式高超声速飞行器方案弹道优化的重要方法。     

Adaptive accurate tracking control of HFVs in the presence of dead-zone and hysteresis input nonlinearities

A novel accurate tracking controller is developed for the longitudinal dynamics of Hypersonic Flight Vehicles (HFVs) in the presence of large model uncertainties, external disturbances and actuator nonlinearities. Distinct from the state-of-the-art, besides being continuity, no restrictive conditions have been imposed on the HFVs dynamics. The system uncertainties are skillfully handled by being seen as bounded “disturbance terms”. In addition, by means of back-stepping adaptive technique, the accurate tracking (i.e. tracking errors converge to zero as time approaches infinity) rather than bounded tracking (i.e. tracking errors converge to residual sets) has been achieved. What’s more, the accurate tracking problems for HFVs subject to actuator dead-zone and hysteresis are discussed, respectively. Then, all signals of closed-loop system are verified to be Semi-Global Uniformly Ultimate Boundness (SGUUB). Finally, the efficacy and superiority of the developed control strategy are confirmed by simulation results.     

A swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps

In order to apply the air fin successfully and ensure the maneuverability of hypersonic vehicle, a key problem to be studied urgently is the heat flux brought by the fin mounting gap. The appearance of mounting gap and fin shaft can induce many complex flow structures which need more attentions to be investigated. Under Ma 6, Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) and Temperature Sensitive Paints (TSP) were applied to visualize and measure transient flow structures and heat flux distribution of a swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps. Complementarily, Reynolds-averaged N-S equations were solved with k-ω SST turbulent model. The heat flux distribution results of numerical simulation and TSP observed the change of high heat flux region with different mounting gap, both in position and magnitude. The streamlines based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and flow visualization results obtained by NPLS revealed the cause of high heat flux region. The high heat flux region in this flow field is mainly related to the reattachment of vortex and flow stagnation. The increase of gap height can lead to stronger gap overflow and shaft-induced horseshoe vortex, which are source of the high heat flux around the fin. The case with the highest mounting gap (4 mm) en-counters the most severe aerodynamic heating, both on the surface of fin and plate. Thus, under the premise of ensuring the flexibility of the fin, the gap should be set as small as possible.     

Disturbance observer-based backstepping control for hypersonic flight vehicles without use of measured flight path angle

In this paper a nonlinear control method is proposed for the tracking control of hypersonic flight vehicles. The designed control laws do not utilize the measured flight path angle due to its inferior accuracy in practical engineering. For this, an estimated flight path angle is designed via the measurements of the altitude and velocity. A tracking differentiator is designed for constructing nonlinear disturbance observer which is used to estimate the model uncertainties including the parameter indeterminacies and external disturbances in the channels of velocity and pitch rate. A robust high-order differentiator is introduced to avoid the employment of the measured flight path angle and estimate the lumped disturbance in dynamics of flight path angle. Meanwhile, the possible saturation of the control inputs is considered and compensated by the auxiliary states. The boundness of closed-loop signals is proved through the Lyapunov theory. Comparative simulations are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.