高超声速飞行器钝舵缝隙流动数值模拟研究

目前,带缝隙钝舵的缝隙引起的流场结构和气动加热规律变化,还很不明确,需要研究缝隙诱导所形成旋涡的空间分布特征和旋涡运动对物面气动加热的影响规律。通过分析高超声速钝舵缝隙气动加热问题,基于无缝隙钝舵,建立一种带缝隙钝舵简化模型。使用有限体积方法求解可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,通量采用van Leer通量向量分裂方法计算。插值采用MUSCL方法,时间项采用LU-SGS隐式方法。结果表明:无缝隙钝舵流场结构相对简单,带缝隙钝舵流场结构同无缝隙钝舵相比要更为复杂,舵轴上游缝隙内会出现马蹄形涡串结构,相应地在缝隙的上下表面均会出现马蹄形高热流区;受缝隙诱导分离再附流动的影响,在舵轴迎风面以及舵体侧面后部均形成了局部高热流区。     

基于场协同原理的横排锯齿翅片湍流传热强化机理

通过数值模拟方法分析了横排(TD)锯齿翅片在板翅换热器通道内传热与流动特性.研究了湍流条件下横排锯齿翅片的温度场,速度场以及两场协同性,探索其强化传热机理.在此基础上获得了翅片高度,翅片间距和翅片宽度对传热与流动的影响规律,并给出了横排锯齿翅片的综合传热性能因子.结果表明:横排锯齿翅片通道内流体扰动强烈,形成了周期性纵向涡流;改善了通道内速度与温度梯度场之间的协同作用,强化传热效果,提高了综合传热性能因子.      

Imaging of the Space-time Structure of a Vortex Generator in Supersonic Flow

The fine space-time structure of a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method in a quiet supersonic wind tunnel. The fine coherent structure at the symmetrical plane of the flow field around the VG is imaged with NPLS. The spatial structure and temporal evolution characteristics of the vortical structure are analyzed, which demonstrate periodic evolution and similar geometry, and the characteristics of rapid movement and slow change. Because the NPLS system yields the flow images at high temporal and spatial resolutions, from these images the position of a large scale structure can be extracted precisely. The position and velocity of the large scale structures can be evaluated with edge detection and correlation algorithms. The shocklet structures induced by vortices are imaged, from which the generation and development of shocklets are discussed in this paper.     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—运动学特性

利用在线式PIV系统(ParticleImageVelocimetry),在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在较高的雷诺数下翼型近尾迹流动是一种以旋涡的运动学和动力学特性为主导的湍流剪切流。在测量范围内,翼型的尾缘处是近尾迹涡街的形成区;尾缘后0.5倍弦长的区域存在类似于卡门涡街的有序结构,是旋涡发展区域,旋涡具有较好的稳定性;距翼型尾缘0.5倍弦长至1倍弦长的区域,是翼型近尾迹流动由有序走向无序区域,旋涡开始破裂。翼型表面边界层对翼型近尾迹湍流剪切流的演化有重要影响。实验结果还给出了近尾迹流动的平均速度、湍流强度和剪切应变变化率,以及速度脉动量的二阶关联量u'u',u'v'和v'v' 的分布。      

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

高速飞行器防热减阻新概念构型的气动性能

提出了一种高速飞行条件下兼具防热减阻的凹腔槽道气动构型,建立了凹腔深宽比为1,槽道高度分别为0、10、20、30、40 mm的凹腔槽道构型,以及槽道入口高度固定为30 mm,出口高度分别为35、40、45、50 mm的扩张型凹腔槽道构型。采用求解Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程方法进行计算,获得了不同算例的鼻锥外壁面热流密度分布以及构型阻力系数的变化情况,分析了凹腔槽道构型参数对气动热与气动力性能的影响。数值结果表明凹腔槽道构型能够达到预期的防热减阻效果。较优构型（槽道进出口高度比为30/50）的防热率与减阻率分别达到40.1%和16.8%。槽道高度越高,减阻效果越好,但防热效率降低。相较于平直型凹腔槽道,扩张型凹腔槽道构型能够在保证防热率不变的情况下显著提升减阻性能。      

航空发动机燃油雾化特性研究进展

从实验、理论和数值模拟三个方面对航空发动机内的燃油雾化问题研究进展进行了综述。实验方面,通过雾化实验,可定性分析喷注参数及环境条件等因素对雾化效果的影响,测量技术是影响实验精度的关键;雾化理论对液膜形状及破碎特性的预测值与实验还存在一定误差,复杂气动条件下的雾化理论还较为缺乏;雾化数值模拟可以获得不同形式燃油雾化的某些典型变化过程,复杂多过程、多因素影响的雾化模拟还较难开展。总体上看,航空发动机燃油雾化机理还未能完全揭示。     

稀薄流区高超声速飞行器表面缝隙流动结构及气动热环境的分子模拟

针对高空稀薄流区的高超声速飞行器表面缝隙或缺陷结构导致的局部气动加热问题,采用直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC) 方法研究了70、75、80km和90km等4个飞行高度下稀薄流区高超声速缝隙流动问题,考虑稀薄气体效应和三维效应对缝隙内部流场结构和热流的影响。结果表明:上述飞行高度下,外部流动的分离和再附在缝隙内部形成一个充满腔体的单涡结构；稀薄气体效应对缝隙内部流动结构和壁面热流影响明显,随着高度的增加,主涡涡心上移,其形状逐渐变得“扁长”,右上角逐渐变尖,热流越来越集中分布于缝隙下游侧面的顶部区域；三维缝隙效应阻碍来流气体分子进入缝隙,导致主涡涡心上移,二维缝隙假设会高估缝隙表面的热流。      

Multi-resolution Analysis of Density Fluctuation of Coherent Structures About Supersonic Flow over VG

The density field around a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with a nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method. Based on the calibration, i.e., the density distribution of the supersonic flow around a wedge, the density field of a supersonic VG is measured. According to movement characteristics of coherent structure in VG’s flow fields and the basic concepts of wavelet, the density fluctuating signals and multi-resolution characteristics of density field images are studied. The multi-resolution characteristics of density fluctuation can be analyzed with wavelet transformation of NPLS images. The wavelet approximate coefficients of density fluctuating signals exhibit their characteristics at different scales, and the corresponding detail coefficients show the difference of diverse layer smooth approximation in some way. Based on 2D wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of density field images, the approximate and detail signals at different scales are studied, and the coherent structures at different scales are extracted and analyzed.     

NPLS技术及其在高速飞行器气动研究中的应用

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的超声速/高超声速流动受到了极大关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验研究提出了挑战。纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术（NPLS）是2005年由作者所在的研究团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够获得超声速三维流场的某个剖面的瞬态流动结构,并且具有较高的时空分辨率。目前,许多研究结果表明NPLS是研究超声速湍流的一项非常有效的技术。近年来,作者应用 NPLS 技术在超声速湍流研究中取得了较大的进展,并且基于NPLS开发了其它几种技术,比如基于 NPLS 的密度场测量技术（NPLS-DT）,能够获得超声速流动的密度场信息并还能进一步得到雷诺应力分布。本文介绍了NPLS技术并回顾了其在超声速边界层、激波/边界层相互作用等流动中的应用。由于能够获得雷诺压力和湍动能等统计量, NPLS技术有望在发展可压缩湍流模型的研究中发挥作用。     

平板空气舵干扰区烧蚀凹陷对热环境影响

针对高速飞行条件下空气舵干扰区烧蚀产生的局部凹陷对气动加热的影响问题,建立了平板-空气舵流动模型,针对典型高速飞行状态,采用高温热化学非平衡数值模拟,研究了空气舵缝隙区的流动结构和气动加热规律,并对舵缝干扰区的烧蚀外形进行了模化,分析了干扰区烧蚀凹陷对流动结构和气动加热的影响,结果表明:烧蚀凹陷改变了干扰区压力分布规律,降低了沿展向压力梯度,从而抑制了边界层的横向流动和厚度减薄效应,使得干扰区热流降低,且热流降低量值与烧蚀凹陷深度呈正相关,凹陷深度为5 mm时干扰区热流降低量达到28.9%。      

间隙高度对自发射流抑制叶尖泄漏的影响

通过数值求解三维定常黏性雷诺时均N-S方程,获得了单孔叶尖自发射流条件下不同叶顶间隙的叶栅流场,对比分析了间隙高度对自发射流与叶尖泄漏流相互作用特性、叶尖泄漏流量以及叶片载荷的影响.结果表明:当叶顶间隙高度为1mm(t/H=0.5%)时,自发射流对泄漏流有明显的阻挡作用,泄漏流量比减少0.06%,同时叶片载荷增加1.39%.当叶顶间隙高度增大到4mm(t/H=2%)时,自发射流的阻挡作用及对叶片载荷的增加作用基本消失;减小间隙高度可以有效提高自发射流的控制效果,同时降低因分离造成的流动损失;自发射流的存在显著改变了间隙流场分布及叶尖吸力面附近静压系数分布,计算发现当泄漏流绕自发射流流过时,下游流场出现类似卡门涡街的涡分布现象.      

超高负荷涡轮叶栅叶顶间隙流动特征及间隙高度的影响

采用数值模拟方法研究了超高负荷涡轮叶栅叶顶间隙流动特征,详细分析了泄漏涡、叶顶分离涡、上通道涡等的流动细节,在此基础上分析间隙高度对流场特征和叶片负荷的影响.结果表明:超高负荷涡轮叶栅叶顶间隙区域存在多种形式的流动分离,泄漏流非常强烈,不仅直接影响上通道涡的形成与发展,使通道涡整体向叶根移动,而且部分泄漏流进入下通道涡;随着间隙高度增加,叶顶分离涡和泄漏涡均明显增强,叶片负荷尤其是叶顶负荷有所降低.      

(高)超声速流动试验技术及研究进展

近年来,与高速飞行器相关的(高)超声速流动受到了极大的关注。这类流动所具有的非定常性、强梯度和可压缩性对试验方法和风洞设计技术提出了挑战。超声速纳米示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术是由作者所在团队研发的非接触光学测试技术。它能够以较高的空间分辨率来揭示超声速三维流场的一个瞬态剖面的时间解析的流动结构。介绍了NPLS技术以及基于NPLS开发的密度场测量、雷诺应力测量和气动光学波前测量等方法,并回顾了这些技术在超声速边界层、超声速混合层、超声速压缩拐角、激波/边界层相互作用和光学头罩绕流等流动中的应用,清晰地再现了边界层、混合层、激波等典型流场结构及其时空演化特性。另外,为了模拟和研究高空大气条件下边界层自然转捩和超声速混合层的转捩特性,介绍了高超声速静风洞、超-超混合层风洞的设计技术以及层流化喷管的设计方法。     

气膜内冷通道高度对气膜孔流量系数的影响

以一种基于旋流增益的强化换热技术为研究对象,对狭小受限的气膜孔内冷通道中气膜孔的流量系数开展了试验研究.试验中通过改变气膜孔雷诺数Re(4800～26000)、吹风比M(0.36～2.74)、无量纲冷却通道高度h/d(0.33～2.0)等参数,研究了狭小空间的几何结构、流动参数等对单排气膜孔平均流量系数Cd的影响,并得...     

基于端壁涡流发生器的压气机叶栅角区分离控制研究

为研究被动式涡流发生器抑制压气机叶栅横向二次流以控制角区分离的作用,设计了在叶栅内部端壁处加装涡流发生器的控制方案,采用数值模拟的方法,详细分析了叶栅流场特性。结果表明:涡流发生器可以有效地抑制叶栅内部横向二次流,改善角区流动,在最佳控制方案中,总压损失系数下降8.1%;放置于叶栅内部的涡流发生器能阻挡气流的横向流动,其尾部产生的流向涡与横向迁移的端壁附面层相互作用,抑制了通道涡向吸力面的发展,并将主流高能流体卷入角区,增加角区流体动量;涡流发生器的长度和高度都会影响流向涡的强度,流向涡的涡核高度与涡流发生器高度一致,最终的控制效果由涡流发生器的长度和高度共同决定,只有当它们被合理选择,控制方案才能获得最佳控制效果。     

跨声速风扇转子间隙流动结构分析

为探索跨声速转子间隙流动结构,归纳间隙泄漏涡（TLV）和激波相互作用机理,以跨声速转子为研究对象,数值模拟不同间隙下流动特性.此外,着重探究TLV与激波的相互作用,斜激波受到间隙泄漏流的干扰,被削弱打断向上游凹曲;建立三维模型,加深对跨声速叶尖区域流动的全面认识.研究表明:随间隙增大,相同流量下,效率越小,压比也越小;TLV强度更大,偏离吸力面程度增大,沿周向和展向影响范围都越大.压力差提供泄漏流迁移动力,间隙提供泄漏流形成通道.选取h/c=1.0%间隙,随着间隙高度的增大,泄漏流周向运动趋势更明显且二次泄漏现象更剧烈;沿泄漏流方向无量纲流向涡量有少量减少,无量纲螺旋度较高,集中涡特性明显.      

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical RP-3 in inclined pipe

Numerical simulations of flow and heat transfer to supercritical RP-3 through the inclined tubes have been performed using LS k–e model embedded in Fluent. The physical properties of RP-3 were obtained using the generalized corresponding state laws based on the fourcomponent surrogate model. Mass flow rate is 0.3 g/s, system pressure is 3 MPa, inlet temperature is 373 K. Inclination of the inclined pipe varied from -90° to 90°, with heat flux varied from 300 k W/m~2 to 400 kW/m~2. Comparison between the calculated result and the experimental data indicates the range of error reasonable. The results of ±45° show that temperature inhomogeneity in inclined pipe produce the secondary flow in its cross section due to the buoyancy force. Depending on the strength of the temperature inhomogeneity, there will be two different forms of secondary flow and both contribute to the convective heat transfer in the pipe. The secondary flow intensity decreases when the inhomogeneity alleviates and thermal acceleration will play a leading role. It will have a greater impact on the turbulent flow to affect the convective heat transfer in the pipe. When changing the inclination, it affects the magnitude of the buoyant component in flow direction. The angle increases, the buoyancy component decreases. And the peak temperature of wall dominated by the secondary flow will move forward and increase in height.     

Transitional Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in a Rectangular Duct with Stagger-arrayed Short Pin Fins

This article describes an experimental study on friction and heat transfer performances of a transitional airflow in a rectangular channel with stagger-arrayed short pin fins. Friction factors, average Nusselt numbers and overall thermal performances of the transitional flow are obtained. The experimental study has showed that the pin fins enhance the heat transfer performance significantly, however increasing the flow frictional resistance considerably. After comparing the experimental results with the published data in references, it can be concluded that, in the transitional flow region, the pin fin channels of the proposed geometrical configuration could lead to a significant improvement of an overall thermal performance; for instance, the convective heat transfer performance is increased by at least 68%. By contrast, in the fully turbulent flow region, the ability of the proposed pin fin channels to increase heat transfer performances decreases as the Reynolds number increases. When Re > 6 000, the overall thermal performance becomes lower than the others.