两种多天线GNSS动态定姿方法的比较

针对移动载体对姿态的需求,对两种多天线GNSS动态定姿方法,即直接法和最小二乘迭代法进行了研究.分析了定姿的原理,给出了姿态解算模型.基于车载四天线GNSS的实测数据,分别用两种方法进行了姿态解算,并用同一运动平台高精度惯导给出的姿态作为参考值,对两种定姿方法的精度和可靠性进行了分析和比较.     

Investigation on the commonality and consistency among data fusion algorithms with unknown cross-covariances and an improved algorithm

The cross-covariances among local sensor estimates are usually unknown or can’t be accurately known in multi-sensor systems. The Covariance Intersection (CI), Convex Combination (CC), Largest Ellipsoid (LE) and Ellipsoidal Intersection (EI) algorithms have been developed for the estimate fusion with unknown cross-covariances. In this contribution, we reveal a strong commonality in principle among CI, CC, LE and EI algorithms after a transformation into a new Euclidean space, although each algorithm is designed based on different criteria. We also assess the consistencies of CC, LE and EI algorithms under different conditions which have been found significantly dependent on the correlation level among local estimates. All the CI, CC, LE and EI algorithms have the capability to enhance consistency or accuracy but at a cost of accuracy or consistency. Based on the commonality and consistency features among different algorithms, an improved algorithm is presented which can significantly improve the consistency performance at a very little expense of accuracy. The theoretical analysis and the fusion algorithm selection strategy are testified through simulated examples and the fusion of GPS and GLONASS horizontal position solutions.     

Geocenter coordinates estimated from GNSS data as viewed by perturbation theory

Time series of geocenter coordinates were determined with data of two global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), namely the U.S. GPS (Global Positioning System) and the Russian GLONASS (Global’naya Nawigatsionnaya Sputnikowaya Sistema). The data was recorded in the years 2008–2011 by a global network of 92 permanently observing GPS/GLONASS receivers. Two types of daily solutions were generated independently for each GNSS, one including the estimation of geocenter coordinates and one without these parameters.     

Three frequency GNSS navigation prospect demonstrated with semi-simulated data

Three frequency GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) signals will be fully accessible in the near future. It is theoretically well-understood that the GNSS navigation performance could be improved with introduction of the third frequency signals. However it remains unclear what numerical improvements can be achieved in the varying navigation scenarios. In this paper, we numerically demonstrate the superior navigation prospect of three frequency GNSS compared to dual-frequency case. Since the third frequency pseudorange is not fully accessible at current stage, a semi-simulation method is firstly introduced to generate the third frequency pseudorange based on the dual-frequency GPS pseudorange and phase measurements. Then the three frequency navigation precision, availability and reliability are examined, compared with their dual-frequency counterparts in varying simulated navigation scenarios. The results show that with three frequency GNSS signals the navigation precision can be improved by 10% in both horizontal and vertical components. More promisingly, the availability of navigation solutions is significantly improved (even by 50% for some scenarios) with higher reliability.     

The realization and convergence analysis of combined PPP based on raw observation

In order to speed up Precise Point Positioning (PPP)’s convergence, a combined PPP method with GPS and GLONASS which is based on using raw observations is proposed, and the positioning results and convergence time have been compared with that of single system. The ionospheric delays and receiver’s Differential Code Bias (DCB) corrections are estimated as unknown parameters in this method. The numerical results show that the combined PPP has not caused significant impacts on the final solutions, but it greatly improved Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) and convergence speed and enhanced the reliability of the solution. Meanwhile, the convergence speed is greatly influenced by the receiver’s DCB, positioning results in horizontal which are better than 10 cm can be realized within 10 min. In addition, the ionosphere and DCB products can be provided with high precision.     

天文探测卫星定点观测模式外热流变化规律分析

针对天文探测卫星定点观测模式下的特定姿态,结合相关科学观测约束、整星能源和热控设计约束及轨道特点,进行了多约束条件下的外热流变化规律分析,对比了有、无遮阳挡板情况下,卫星外热流的差异,并通过虚拟热沉温度,分析了卫星各个舱板的散热能力。基于有、无遮阳挡板的外热流分析结果,从热控角度建议在定点观测模式下,对卫星的观测姿态进行约束,对有低温需求的天文探测器建议加设遮阳挡板,可为天文探测卫星的热控设计提供参考。     

Temporal and spatial stochastic behaviour of high-frequency slant tropospheric delays from simulations and real GPS data

In this paper, a turbulence theory-based simulation procedure for slant tropospheric delay variations is presented. Based on this procedure tropospheric delay variations are simulated for three different geometric scenarios. The stochastic behaviour of the generated time series is assessed in terms of temporal structure functions. It is shown that the temporal structure functions – in general – follow a 5/3 to 2/3 power-law behaviour. Deviations from this behaviour due to the complex interaction between varying observation geometry and atmospheric/turbulent conditions are discussed.     

Coastal sea level measurements using a single geodetic GPS receiver

This paper presents a method to derive local sea level variations using data from a single geodetic-quality Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver using GPS (Global Positioning System) signals. This method is based on multipath theory for specular reflections and the use of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data. The technique could be valuable for altimeter calibration and validation. Data from two test sites, a dedicated GPS tide gauge at the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) in Sweden and the Friday Harbor GPS site of the EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) in USA, are analyzed. The sea level results are compared to independently observed sea level data from nearby and in situ tide gauges. For OSO, the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) agreement is better than 5 cm, while it is in the order of 10 cm for Friday Harbor. The correlation coefficients are better than 0.97 for both sites. For OSO, the SNR-based results are also compared with results from a geodetic analysis of GPS data of a two receivers/antennae tide gauge installation. The SNR-based analysis results in a slightly worse RMS agreement with respect to the independent tide gauge data than the geodetic analysis (4.8 cm and 4.0 cm, respectively). However, it provides results even for rough sea surface conditions when the two receivers/antennae installation no longer records the necessary data for a geodetic analysis.     

An iterative LiDAR DEM-aided algorithm for GNSS positioning in obstructed/rapidly undulating environments

This paper describes a new algorithm to aid stand-alone GNSS positioning in areas of bad signal reception using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Traditional Height-Aiding (HA) algorithms assume either a preset (fixed) value for the receiver elevation or rely on the elevation value that corresponds to the nearest available position fix. This may lead in erroneous receiver elevation estimates that, under circumstances, are inefficient to aid effectively GNSS positioning. In this study, the receiver elevation is updated at every iteration step of the navigation solution through dynamic interpolation of the elevation model. The algorithm, because of its ability to extract and fully exploit the elevation information derived from a digital model, it can prove particularly useful in forested areas with steep-sloped terrain. Extended test runs were undertaken to validate the correctness of the mathematical model and the feasibility of the algorithm and associated software. Particularly, analysis of a dataset acquired in a forested, rapidly undulating environment reveals significant average improvement in all performance metrics of positioning, namely the GNSS position availability (50%), accuracy (56%) and external reliability (86%) compared to the Standard Point Positioning (SPP) solution. Moreover, it was found that the method can cope successfully in marginal operating conditions with situations of bad satellite geometry and satellite signals affected by interference due to tree canopy.     

光子TOA与自转频率误差对Crab脉冲星脉冲TOA估计的影响

为量化分析Crab脉冲星X射线波段光子到达时间（TOA）测量误差和自转频率误差对脉冲TOA估计的影响，仿真生成了13 200组带有不同光子TOA测量误差的光子TOA数据。采用含有不同大小自转频率误差的Crab脉冲星星历，通过历元折叠建立积分脉冲轮廓，与标准脉冲轮廓作互相关运算获得各组仿真观测的脉冲TOA测量误差，进一步计算出各误差参数组的仿真观测脉冲TOA测量误差均方根（RMS）。仿真结果表明，为使Crab脉冲星脉冲TOA短期测量精度达到30 ~300 μs量级的要求，有效面积为6 000 cm2和30 cm2的探测器脉冲星自转频率误差均应小于3×10-6 Hz，30 cm2的探测器光子TOA的偶然误差同时应控制在500 μs以内。