加工钛合金大口径深盲孔的研究

钛合金属难加工材料,其深孔加工的难度更为突出,加工质量不易保证。本文通过实验对比,对加工钛合金大口径深盲孔中出现的偏孔、切屑堵塞、切削振动、刀具破损等主要问题进行了分析,提出了解决办法,得出了切削用量的优化参数。由于钛合金的化学亲和作用,深孔加工刀具的导向条表面易于粘附,结果拉伤已加工表面,造成表面粗糙度上升。加大导向条与孔壁的间隙虽可减少导向条表面的粘附,但同时会引起切削振动的加剧。针对这一矛盾,本文着重对加工刀具的导向条分布、导向条与孔壁的间隙以及导向条的选材方面进行了探讨,提出了以非金属导向条代替硬质合金导向条进行钛合金深孔精加工的方法,使得已加工表面的粗糙度大大降低。这些研究结果对实际加工具有一定的指导作用。     

基于流体网络法的喷管冷却气流量分配计算方法

流体网络法对喷管气膜冷却问题具有独特的优势,但难以反映出入流对冷却气流道静压变化的影响。针对此引入了可反映出入流导致静压变化的管道元件,并基于孔口速度落后角对静压变化量进行了建模。验证算例表明,这一改进使沿程静压变化趋势与实际吻合较好,使冷却气流量分配计算误差降低到0.5%以下。将改进后的流体网络法与主流通道的计算流体力学模拟耦合用于分析喷管冷却气流量分配,与全计算流体力学模拟相比结果差异小于1.2%,且大幅降低计算量;在某型喷管设计中的应用表明,可以有效反映冷却结构改变对冷却气流量分配的影响。      

水平喷流对叶顶气膜冷却效率影响的数值研究

为进一步提高燃气轮机叶顶区域的气膜冷却效率,在叶顶模型结构上对4种叶顶冷却结构的流动和传热进行了数值模拟,结果显示带有盖板的水平喷流结构能够有效地提高叶顶区域的气膜冷却效率,对于圆孔,可以将气膜冷却效率提高至原来的2倍以上.通过流场的分析发现:水平喷流结构可以调整冷却工质的流动,使得冷却工质的贴壁性更好、分布更加均匀,进而提高气膜冷却效率.此外还研究了间隙宽度、盖板尾缘厚度、盖度和整流栅对水平喷流结构气膜冷却效率的影响.结果表明:增加盖度和减小间隙宽度可以提高气膜冷却效率,但是盖度和间隙宽度的选取受到了强度、工艺和冷却工质入口压力等因素的限制.水平盖板结构的冷却效果比倾斜盖板结构的好.整流栅足够长时可以调整流动、提高气膜冷却效率.      

Flow field design and process stability in electrochemical machining of diamond holes

The metal grille, commonly composed of an amount of diamond holes, has been grow-ingly used as a key structure on stealth aircraft. Electrochemical machining (ECM) promises to be increasingly applied in aircraft manufacturing on the condition that process stability is guaranteed. In this work, a flow field model was designed to improve the process stability. This model is endowed with a variety of flow channel features, together with vibrating feeding modes. The flow field distribution on the bottom surface of the diamond hole was discussed and evaluated as well. The numerical results show that a short arc flow channel could significantly enhance the uniformity of electrolyte velocity distribution and a vibrating feeding of the cathode enables to reduce both fluctuations of the electrolyte velocity and pressure on the bottom surface of the diamond hole. Consequently, the flow field mutations were eliminated. It is verified from the experimental results that a short arc flow channel, when combined with vibrating feeding, is capable of improving machining localization and process stability markedly. What is more, the side gap on the bottom surface of the diamond hole could also be reduced by the abovementioned approach.     

涡轮叶片先进气膜冷却与相关激光打孔技术进展

航空发动机涡轮叶片依赖于高温基体、热障陶瓷涂层和气膜冷却技术实现高的工作温度,进而实现高的燃油效率和推重比.介绍了气膜冷却技术的演化趋势,并通过猫耳异型孔与直圆孔的仿真对比,指出复杂异型气膜孔的重要性.进一步论述了单步加工异型孔的必要性和工艺方案,指出为解决单晶叶片异型孔加工难题,超短脉冲激光加工虽然成为研究热点,但水助激光加工更应该引起重视.     

Numerical simulation of aerodynamic interaction for a tilt rotor aircraft in helicopter mode

A rotor CFD solver is developed for simulating the aerodynamic interaction phenomenon among rotor, wing and fuselage of a tilt rotor aircraft in its helicopter mode. The unsteady Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in inertial frame and embedded grid system is adopted for describing the relative motion among blades and nacelle/wing/fuselage. A combination of multi-layer embedded grid and ‘‘extended hole fringe" technique is complemented in original grid system to tackle grid assembly difficulties arising from the narrow space among different aerodynamic components, and to improve the interpolation precision by decreasing the cell volume discrepancy among different grid blocks. An overall donor cell searching and automatic hole cutting technique is used for grid assembly, and the solution processes are speeded up by introduction of Open MP parallel method. Based on this solver, flow fields and aerodynamics of a tilt rotor aircraft in hover are simulated with several rotor collective angles, and the corresponding states of an isolated rotor and rotor/wing/fuselage model are also computed to obtain reference solution.Aerodynamic interference influences among the rotor and wing/fuselage/nacelle are analyzed,and some meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

日地共转扰动似稳结构及其反相和漂移规律的最新证据

日地共转扰动似稳结构及其反相现象在第２１及２２周再次显现，从而证实了上述发现是一种在长达世记的时间尺度内存在的普遍规律。包括１９９１－１９９２年内的百年地磁扰动资料还说明偶数太阳周的共转似稳结构扰动峰有逆太阳自转而线性性漂移的趋向。对即将来临的极小年前可能出现的共转扰动作了试验性的预测。     

TiAlN 涂层钻头钻削钛合金的实验研究

采用Ti Al N涂层硬质合金麻花钻对钛合金(TC4)进行钻削试验,研究了切削用量对轴向力、加工孔壁表面粗糙度和切屑形态的影响。结果表明:轴向力随着进给量的增加而增加,轴向力随着转速的增加而减小。运用指数公式模型对轴向力实验结果进行回归分析,得到轴向力与转速以及进给量之间的关系式,并对该方程进行了检验验证误差均小于7%;随着进给量的增加断屑能力逐渐增加,切屑长度逐渐变短。在低转速和进给量为50 mm/min时切屑形态为短螺旋形切屑,此时排屑和孔壁粗糙度均为最佳。     

高精度圆锥倒角刀后刀面修磨方法改进

采用试切法对高精度圆锥倒角刀后刀面修磨,一次修磨合格率低于80%。通过针对使用试切法对倒角刀后刀面进行修磨的弊端进行分析,提出了改进方法。该方法通过理论计算获得万能分度头三个转角和刀具角度的关系,并具有规范的操作流程。对该方法进行了误差分析并进行了实验验证,证明通过该方法修磨的圆锥倒角刀锥角精度在±15′以内。相对于试切法,改进方法的锥角误差降低,稳定性大幅提高,操作时间大幅缩短。     

RAT系统作动筒阻尼孔的设计与仿真技术

冲压空气涡轮（Ramjet air turbine，RAT）在紧急情况下释放能够为飞机提供所需的电能和液压动力，从而保证飞机安全。RAT系统能否在规定时间内顺利释放是保证飞机安全的关键，其释放速度主要靠作动筒的阻尼孔来控制，但是目前国内在RAT作动筒阻尼孔的设计方面缺乏研究。为此，利用仿真技术，开展了RAT系统作动筒阻尼孔的设计研究。首先根据RAT作动筒的结构和工作原理，使用AMESim建立了RAT作动筒模型，并验证了模型的正确性。AMESim是一种基于物理模型的建模仿真平台，其中包含液压元件设计库、动力传动库等，在液压系统的建模仿真方面应用十分广泛。然后通过仿真试验，研究了阻尼孔的设计对RAT释放时间的影响规律及程度。最后，针对支线飞机和小型飞机的RAT释放时间要求（0.6~0.8 s），对阻尼孔进行了最优设计，从而为RAT系统作动筒阻尼孔的设计工作提供支持。