Disturbance observer based model predictive control for accurate atmospheric entry of spacecraft

Facing the complex aerodynamic environment of Mars atmosphere, a composite atmospheric entry trajectory tracking strategy is investigated in this paper. External disturbances, initial states uncertainties and aerodynamic parameters uncertainties are the main problems. The composite strategy is designed to solve these problems and improve the accuracy of Mars atmospheric entry. This strategy includes a model predictive control for optimized trajectory tracking performance, as well as a disturbance observer based feedforward compensation for external disturbances and uncertainties attenuation. 500-run Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed composite control scheme achieves more precise Mars atmospheric entry (3.8?km parachute deployment point distribution error) than the baseline control scheme (8.4?km) and integral control scheme (5.8?km).     

风扇翼翼型气动特性研究

应用RNGκ-ε二阶精度增强壁面函数法,数值模拟了典型风扇翼翼型在不同迎角、不同叶片转速、不同前方来流速度情况下翼型的流场特征和气动力系数变化。通过对流场和气动力系数的计算分析发现:在来流速度较大情况下,风扇翼翼型上部后行叶片会引起翼型上的气流分离,随着速度的增加,气流分离加剧,翼型气流分离引起翼型升力系数随着来流速度增加而不断下降。通过研究翼型弦线上分布点的力矩系数随翼型迎角、来流速度和风扇转速的变化规律,确定弦线上力矩系数不随各状态量变化的点约在翼型弦线上距前缘的40%弦长位置。     

一种基于承载效率准则的复合材料机翼结构布局优化方法(英文)

提出一种针对大型复合材料机翼结构的二级布局优化策略。系统级根据结构形变调整设计指标,子系统级优化结构布局以满足系统级约束。将机翼壁板中各种临界失效载荷的接近程度作为评判结构效率的标准,通过将结构效率作为优化目标,保证了所求解问题的连续性。加筋壁板通过等效的正交异性板模拟,并根据能量原理预测总体失稳载荷。讨论了加强筋支持弹性对于蒙皮抵抗局部失稳性能的影响,并通过神经网络代理模型对其进行逼近。采用解析模型对失效特性做出评估,减少了计算资源的占用。最后以一种大型机翼结构的综合优化作为算例,计算结果满足设计要求,验证了该方法的可行性。     

可形变人脸模型研究进展综述

正确理解和跟踪人脸是构建能够在复杂人类环境中自主工作的智能机器系统的首要和关键步骤，可形变模型通过统计学习方法给出对象形状的紧凑数学表示，是达成这一目标的重要手段。从机器学习和计算机视觉领域角度，对人脸图像的可形变模型构建这一研究课题的最新研究进展进行了综述。特别地，对其中涉及的关键问题进行了归纳，并建立了一个抽象的统一贝叶斯可形变模型；在此框架下，对标准的点分布模型PDM模型及其最新研究进展进行了回顾、对一些主要的方法进行了介绍、对这些方法优缺点进行了对比分析。     

Hypervelocity impact testing of advanced materials and structures for micrometeoroid and orbital debris shielding

A series of 66 hypervelocity impact experiments have been performed to assess the potential of various materials (aluminium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, nickel, nickel/chromium, reticulated vitreous carbon, silver, ceramic, aramid, ceramic glass, and carbon fibre) and structures (monolithic plates, open-cell foam, flexible fabrics, rigid meshes) for micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) shielding. Arranged in various single-, double-, and triple-bumper configurations, screening tests were performed with 0.3175 cm diameter Al2017-T4 spherical projectiles at nominally 6.8 km/s and normal incidence. The top performing shields were identified through target damage assessments and their respective weight. The top performing candidate shield at the screening test condition was found to be a double-bumper configuration with a 0.25 mm thick Al3003 outer bumper, 6.35 mm thick 40 PPI aluminium foam inner bumper, and 1.016 mm thick Al2024-T3 rear wall (equal spacing between bumpers and rear wall). In general, double-bumper candidates with aluminium plate outer bumpers and foam inner bumpers were consistently found to be amongst the top performers. For this impact condition, potential weight savings of at least 47% over conventional all-aluminium Whipple shields are possible by utilizing the investigated materials and structures. The results of this study identify materials and structures of interest for further, more in-depth, impact investigations.     

Survival of dormant organisms after long-term exposure to the space environment

The RF SRC—Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, developed Biorisk hardware to study the effects of long-term exposure of dormant forms of various organisms to outer space and used it to complete a series of experiments on the Russian Module (RM) of the International Space Station (ISS).The experiments were performed using prokaryotes (Bacillus bacteria) and eukaryotes (Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium fungi), as well as spores, dormant forms of higher plants, insects, lower crustaceans, and vertebrates. The biological samples were housed in two containers that were exposed to outer space for 13 or 18 months. The results of the 18-month experiment showed that, in spite of harsher temperature than in the first study, most specimens remained viable.These experiments provided evidence that not only bacterial and fungal spores but also dormant forms of organisms that reached higher levels of evolutionary development had the capability to survive a long-term exposure to outer space. This observation suggests that they can be transferred on outer walls of space platforms during interplanetary missions.     

基于独立桨距控制的电控旋翼主动振动控制

电控旋翼利用桨叶后缘襟翼偏转通过气弹作用带动桨叶变距，从而实现对旋翼的控制。但由于其系统的复杂性，桨叶间易存在扭转刚度和质量不相似，从而引起较严重的旋翼振动。针对该情况，提出了基于独立桨距控制的主动振动控制方法，并以某原理性电控旋翼为算例进行了数值仿真，验证了所提出控制方法对电控旋翼由扭转刚度和质量不相似引起振动的减振有效性，最佳减振水平可达90%。     

Using Back Propagation Neural Network Method to Forecast Daily Indices of Solar Activity F10.7

The solar 10.7 cm radio flux，F_10.7，a measure of the solar radio flux per unit frequency at a wavelength of 10.7 cm，is a key and serviceable index for monitoring solar activities.The accurate prediction of F_10.7 is of significant importance for short-term or long-term space weather forecasting. In this study，we apply Back Propagation （BP） neural network technique to forecast the daily F_10.7 based on the trial data set of F_10.7 from 1980 to 2001.Results show that this technique is better than the other prediction techniques for short-term forecasting，such as Support Vector Regression method.      

Singularity avoidance of control moment gyros by one-step ahead singularity index

A steering law of control moment gyros for spacecraft attitude control by using one-step ahead singularity index is addressed in this paper. In some recent studies, the null motion approaches or singularity robustness steering laws have been extensively investigated to avoid singular configurations for a control momentum gyro (CMG) cluster. As a novel approach different from them, the proposed approach is based on optimization technique by minimizing the one-step ahead singularity index. Modified approaches are also presented in this paper. The proposed one-step prediction method ultimately gives an optimized solution of gimbal rates with advanced ability to avoid a singularity. A singularity index for reliable computation of a gradient vector is also introduced. Finally, performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by numerical simulations.     

Autonomous flight and navigation of VTOL UAVs: from autonomy demonstrations to out-of-sight flights

Future applications of UAV systems will depend on the aircraft autonomous behavior and decision capabilities. Search and Rescue is one complex possible mission and is here taken as a case study. The ReSSAC project is a multidisciplinary project at ONERA. Its main challenges are related to the architectures and algorithms for autonomous decision and information processing onboard UAVs that perform their mission in cooperation with operators. The feasibility demonstrations and results of the project are intended to be reused and extended in further studies, projects and collaborations. A first step of the project was to develop an autonomous control architecture for our two rotorcraft. In this paper, we present the current status and preliminary achievements of the ReSSAC project, especially some records of past experimental flights with our autonomous aircraft. We further discuss ongoing studies and research perspectives.