民用飞机技术决策方法研究

我国民用飞机研制工作起步较晚,在研制过程中出现了大量待解决的技术问题,影响了项目研制进度。如何精准高效地解决技术问题,在现有的技术方案中,选取最优的技术方案,是保证民用飞机研制进度乃至整个项目成功的关键性因素。通过对民用飞机技术管理工作现状的分析,运用项目管理学的基本理论,结合民用飞机研制的特点以及前期民用飞机研制技术管理相关工作经验,对民用飞机技术决策方法进行了研究,通过使用技术方案评估矩阵的方法,对技术方案本身及利益攸关方进行全面的评估,总结出一套民用飞机技术决策方法,以期对后续民用飞机技术决策工作提供参考。     

飞机/发动机一体化评估系统研究

本课题研究了一种快速的飞机/发动机一体化评估方法和软件,其主要特点是根据飞机飞行任务要求,同时对飞机/发动机系统的主要设计变量(如飞机起飞推重比、翼载、机翼几何参数和发动机循环参数等)进行有约束多目标优选,求得最佳方案。优选的目标函数和约束条件由飞机战术技术要求和飞行任务确定。 应用此评估系统,曾对某型歼击机进行改型方案论证。计算结果表明:优选后的飞机性能有明显改善;飞行任务要求不同,最佳方案飞机的推重比、翼载、机翼外形和发动机循环参数也不同。使用本系统方便和快速,每计算一个方案在IBM4341计算机上,所需CPU时间在1min以内。本评估系统适用于战斗飞机/发动机的设计和改型,经扩充后也可推广到民用飞机/发动机的方案论证工作。     

无人机自主控制发展趋势研究

根据无人机自主控制的定义与内涵,将无人机自主控制关键技术划分为态势感知技术、规划与协同技术、自主决策技术和执行任务技术,并针对这四项关键技术发展所涉及内容分别进行了层级研究,初步给出了我国无人机自主控制层级发展规划和层级发展趋势图,可以为我国建立无人机自主控制能力标准或者开展无人机自主控制研究项目提供参考.     

航母舰载机装备体系及指标论证方法

针对航母舰载机装备体系及指标论证的强体系和强舰载约束特征,以及多机种一体化保障要求高等特点,提出了基于模糊关系变换理论的体系论证方法,建立各型舰载机装备需求与任务需求之间的关系,结合航母编队作战使用特点以及航母甲板/机库空间尺寸约束进行迭代优化,构建舰载机体系结构和典型配置方案。同时,提出了基于舰载机作业流程仿真和舰载约束条件下的指标论证与优化方法,凸显编队体系作战、舰机适配性、海洋环境适应等特殊约束要素,形成系统科学的舰载机战术技术指标体系。在此基础上,构建了面向专家群决策的论证支持系统,并介绍了该系统的基本框架和运用流程。     

商用飞机项目中的技术经济方法

商用飞机的自主研发需要科学系统的技术经济分析方法解决技术先进性、研制成本以及使用经济性三者之间的矛盾。因此需要综合考虑市场竞争、技术性能、经济环境等多方面的因素,建立全寿命周期成本模型、基于直接运营成本的竞争定价模型和面向使用经济性的优化模型。通过项目盈亏平衡、基于EBOM的成本控制和发动机选型三个案例,分析说明了技术经济方法在商用飞机项目技术决策过程中的作用。     

Inverse design of mission success space for combat aircraft contribution evaluation

This paper presents a novel design method of the Mission Success Space (MSS) for the evaluation on aircraft contribution effectiveness. MSS concept was proposed for giving success criterion of a mission and judging the success by conventional mission effectiveness with regards to the aircraft capabilities. This space is created by the Mission Success Function (MSF) and the original Effectiveness Index Space (EIS) where empirical equations are usually assumed to be MSFs. Based on this MSS concept, this paper firstly defines the MSS-based evaluation, then further summarizes the evaluation process of the Contribution to System-of-Systems (CSS). More importantly, based on the thought of Inverse Design (ID), a new design method of MSF is presented comprehensively analyzing aircraft’s CSS in a combat mission without using any empirical MSF. The definition of MSS based ID is given and the design procedure is sequentially introduced. Two different confrontation cases are depicted with many details as the simulation validation: Air-to-ground and Penetration. There are two design variables considered for designing MSS in the latter case while only one for the former. However, in both cases, the best design is given by evaluating the Gaussian fitting performance of CSS.     

X型飞机机动载荷谱的编制

一、前言 为了编制X型飞机载荷谱和强度规范,先后在6个机场23架飞机上得到509个起落、304小时的VGH三参数时间历程记录,加上调查获得的实际使用资料,按飞-续-飞的编谱方法,编制了该型飞机的机动载荷谱。     

Exploring mission planning method for a team of carrier aircraft launching

High-level efficiency and safety are of great significance for improving the fighting capability of an aircraft carrier. One way to enhance efficiency and safety level is to organize the carrier aircraft into combat effectively. This paper studies the mission planning problem for a team of carrier aircraft launching, and a novel distributed mission planning architecture is proposed. The architecture is hierarchical and is comprised of four levels, namely, the input level, the coordination level,the path planning level and the execution level. Realistic constraints in each level of the distributed architecture, such as the vortex flow effect, the crowd effect and the motion of aircraft, are considered in the model. To solve this problem, a distributed path planning algorithm based on the asynchronous planning strategy is developed. The proposed Mission Planning Approach for Carrier Aircraft Launching(MPACAL) is validated using the setups of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.Compared to the isolated planning architecture and the centralized planning architecture, the proposed distributed planning architecture has advantages in coordinating the launch tasks not only belonging to the same catapult but also when all different catapults are considered. The proposed MPACAL provides a modeling method for the flight deck operation on aircraft carrier.     

作战飞机的空-地攻击效能评估

用概率方法建立了描述单一飞机在威胁环境中攻击一个地面被动目标的数学模型,导出飞机对地攻击作战的任务成功率、目标被击毁率和飞机损失率等效能的表达式,给出用于效能评估的有关事件发生概率的计算公式,通过计算实例讨论了作战飞机空－地攻击效能的各种度量。     

任务可靠度的估算分析

飞机设计工作中一项十分重要的任务是产品可靠性设计，本文回顾了任务可靠性的基本概念，给出了能够确定飞机完成任务可能性的任务可靠度的估算方法。在此基础上，为说明任务可靠度估算的实际过程，本文最后对某型飞机电传控制系统任务可靠度进行了分析，并给出了分析结论。     

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

驾驶舱机组人员自动化系统项目综述

随着自动化技术的广泛发展和应用,驾驶舱实现无人化将成为未来发展的趋势。但现阶段自主技术 的发展和安全性水平使得军用直升机的驾驶飞行仍需飞行员的参与控制。而且,受飞行员生理极限等因素的限 制,有人直升机在作战时间、出动架次等方面存在很多局限。为此,美国国防部及工业界积极开发自主技术。 “驾驶舱机组人员自动化系统（ALIAS）”项目就是其中之一。该项目将自主技术用于现役的有人驾驶飞机, 降低机组人员的工作负荷和提高安全性,同时减少执行任务的机组人员的数量。该项目经飞行演示验证在一定 程度上缓解了飞行员的工作强度。     

喷气客机重量、性能和经济性综合评估方法研究

利用现役喷气客机的技术和价格数据,建立了飞机客座数和设计航程要求与飞机最大起飞重量、使用空重、任务用油、飞机售价和直接运行成本之间的函数关系。通过对典型窄体机A320的分析,表明该计算模型具有较高的计算精度,适用于喷气客机初步设计阶段的技术经济方案的快速评估和竞争分析。     

大型水陆两栖飞机特殊任务模式对总体设计的挑战

面向森林灭火和水上救援任务设计的大型水陆两栖飞机，由于其特殊的任务模式，给设计工作带来了许多全新的挑战。首先，分析了国内森林灭火和水上救援的需求，并介绍了对应的任务模式。然后，总结了在型号研制过程中不同于常规飞机的特殊设计和相应的解决方法，具体包括：以国内供应商为主体的构型管理体系的建立、气水动一体化设计、全新的起落架布局设计、任务系统集成和效能评估、驾驶舱集成设计、设备布置和腐蚀防护设计。最后，提出了在适航审定和集成应用方面仍需重点关注的4个研究方向。     

1553B总线在现代飞机自动配电系统中的应用

对1553B总线通讯技术进行了系统的研究。设计了采用80C196KB作为主处理机的1553B通讯接口板，设计并调试成功了1553B的通讯软件，并在双发电通道飞机自动配电系统地面模拟系统中进行了实验。系统模拟实验表明，与通用串行总线(如RS-485总线)相比，军用数据总线1553B有高传输率、高可靠性等特点，为飞机自动配电系统的应用奠定了坚实的基础。     

Ultra wideband technology for aircraft wireless intercommunications systems (AWICS) design

Current intercommunications system (ICS) designs for military, multicrew aircraft utilize lengthy, encumbering cords to physically attach the crewmember's helmet or headset to a distributed audio intercom system. Typical ICS long-cords are approximately 100 feet in length and allow crewmembers to maintain communications as they move about the aircraft while performing their mission duties. These cords also allow crewmembers to maintain communications with the aircraft when disembarked, as when they are controlling aircraft during engine start-up. Unfortunately, the current wired topology significantly reduces mission effectiveness, impedes crewmember movement, and greatly increases the crewmember's risk of injury. These drawbacks are more pronounced onboard military rotary winged aircraft (helicopters) where several crewmembers have been injured or killed during emergencies requiring the aircraft to ditch at sea. During ditching, crewmembers often became entangled in their lengthy ICS cord, preventing or delaying aircraft egress. This paper discusses the development of an aircraft wireless intercommunications system (AWICS) which utilizes ultra wideband (UWB) technology to address mission requirements for these multicrew, military aircraft. UWB offers unique advantages in this application - multipath mitigation, low probability of detection, low probability of interference to onboard legacy systems, and high throughput in a multiuser environment.     

Avionics cost of ownership

The cost of ownership of avionics includes not only the development and acquisition cost, but also the yearly operating and support (O and S) (maintenance) cost of hardware, software, and support equipment. This paper presents an avionics cost of ownership methodology developed for USAF, its data sources, and business metrics computed for USAF decision makers as we move toward operating avionics as a business. The business model is used to determine which existing avionics are candidates for replacement with new technology and to prioritize the replacements. These avionics are often used on multiple aircraft types which necessitates analysis of the causes of the high cost of ownership on each type. Databases are used to document the processing functions, data flow, and constraints of the item being analyzed. These constraints include physical, environmental, electrical, and data interfaces. Databases containing alternatives are evaluated against standard mission scenarios for aircraft utilizing these high cost avionics to determine their impact on performance, O and S costs, and mission effectiveness. The results of the foregoing analyses steps are then used in life cycle cost analyses which consider different retrofit scenarios for each alternative for each aircraft type against the avionics being analyzed for replacement. The alternatives are prioritized and a risk analysis performed considering technical, schedule, and cost growth risks. The avionics cost of ownership methodology described in this paper processes data from USAF maintenance organizations. This has revealed the very large expenditures being made to support highly unreliable avionics. These methods can be applied to all military and commercial aircraft systems to determine not only the cost of ownership of existing systems, but also the cost of ownership of new systems when they are retrofit     

任务规划系统机动模型与航线设计

航空兵任务规划系统中飞机空对地攻击航线解算的准确性、航线生成质量和航线解算速度是衡量任务规划系统能力的重要指标。飞机空对地攻击航线设计是飞机航线规划中典型的多约束复杂机动,其在设计与使用过程中受到来自时间、空间及飞机本体的多维约束,对飞行动力学建模与航迹优化提出了较高的要求。本文利用面向对象的思想对飞机无侧滑动力学模型...     

基于ATA2300标准的主最低设备清单建议稿开发平台研究

随着民用飞机的研制和运营,飞机主制造商需同时开展主最低设备清单建议稿（简称PMMEL）项目的开发和验证,以提高民用飞机的派遣可靠性并获得局方的认可。为实现对PMMEL 项目开发和验证过程产生的相关数据通过规范化的方法进行管理,亟需开展相关开发平台的研制和应用。研究PMMEL 项目开发的实施过程和行业需求,基于ATA2300 标准明确了PMMEL 开发和验证过程的数据管理需求;在此基础上,构建PMMEL 开发平台,经过完备的系统功能测试保证系统可靠性后,进一步采用实际的PMMEL 项目数据对平台进行概念验证,证明平台的业务符合性与匹配程度。结果表明：通过平台的建设和使用进一步规范了PMMEL项目的开发和验证数据,能够为后期运行支援类手册的编制奠定重要的数据基础,同时,平台具备持续可扩展性,能够伴随我国国产民机的持续运营开展进一步的智能化扩展。     

基于多目标优化的运输机任务设备配置研究

为得到合理的任务设备配置比例,对运输机任务设备配置进行优化。军用运输机可执行多种任务类型,需要配置不同的任务设备以实现货舱构型的转换。任务设备的配置比例应兼顾任务成功率、经济性和利用率等多目标要求。为此,以小规模运输机队为研究对象,给出了任务设备配置目标优化原则和边界条件,建立了配置模型,运用线性加权和法进行求解,并进行了模型灵敏度分析和偏差分析,得出了各任务设备的最佳配置比例,可解决小规模运输机队的任务设备配置问题。实例证明了配置结果的有效性。