Nonlinear 6-DOF control of spacecraft docking with inter-satellite electromagnetic force

Compared to traditional docking systems, spacecraft docking with inter-satellite electromagnetic mechanism has distinct advantages. However, its 6-DOF control problem has not been adequately investigated. From our knowledge, this paper attempts to study the 6-DOF control problem for the first time. Based on the far-field electromagnetic force model and Hill's model, the dynamic model of translational motion is derived; using tracking control strategy, LQR method and estimate of Extended State Observer (ESO), an optimal and robust translational controller is designed to satisfy relative position/velocity requirements of soft docking. Representing the attitude of the docking spacecraft pair by unit quaternion, the attitude dynamic and kinematic models with quaternion expression are derived; using behavior-based coordinated control approach and ESO, a decentralized attitude controller is designed to simultaneously align one spacecraft with its absolute desired attitude and with the other spacecraft of the docking pair, requiring no angular velocity measurement and exhibiting better robust capability. The feasibility and performance of this proposed 6-DOF controller are validated by theoretical deduction and simulation results.     

Post-disposal orbital evolution of satellites and upper stages used by the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations: The long-term impact on the Medium Earth Orbit environment

The long-term evolution and environmental impact in MEO of all the abandoned spacecraft and upper stages associated with the GPS and GLONASS navigation constellations were analyzed. The orbits of the disposed objects, as of 1 May 2011, were propagated for 200 years and snapshots of their evolving distribution were obtained, together with an estimation of the changing collision probability with the spacecraft of the operational navigation systems existing or planned in MEO, i.e., GLONASS, GPS, Beidou and Galileo. The probability that the abandoned objects considered will collide with the operational spacecraft of the navigation constellations is very low, even taking into account the intrinsic eccentricity instability of the disposal orbits. Assuming the present or envisaged configuration of the constellations in MEO, the probability of collision, integrated over 200 years, would be <1/300 with a GLONASS spacecraft, <1/15,000 with a GPS or Beidou spacecraft, and <1/250,000 with a Galileo spacecraft. The worst disposal strategy consists in abandoning satellites and upper stages close to the altitude of the operational constellation (GLONASS), while a re-orbiting a few hundred km away (GPS) is able to guarantee an effective long-term dilution of the collision risk, irrespective of the eccentricity instability due to geopotential and luni-solar perturbations. The disposal strategies applied so far to the GPS satellites should be able to guarantee for at least a few centuries a sustainable MEO environment free of collisions among intact objects. Consequently, there would be no need to adopt disposal schemes targeting also the optimal value of the eccentricity vector. However, it should be pointed out that the GPS disposal strategy was devised well in advance of the Beidou constellation announcement, so most of the abandoned satellites were re-orbited fairly close to the altitude of the new Chinese system. A new re-orbiting approach will be therefore needed in the future.     

Adaptive maneuvering entry guidance with ground-track control

We demonstrate that a three-dimensional entry guidance with accurate ground-track control can be achieved using a combined strategy of proportional down-range maneuvering and linear quadratic (LQ) technique, thereby precluding the necessity of sophisticated nonlinear programming. It is also shown that heating rate and load-factor constraints can be met by a careful but simple selection of LQ gains. Although the speed, flight path angle, and down-range accuracy are comparable to that of a planar guidance strategy, the present technique also demonstrates an accurate cross-range control, which is not possible with a planar strategy. It is shown that adaptive maneuvering produces a superior performance than that of a nonlinear tracking control derived using feedback linearization. The method can handle much larger deviations in the entry conditions than those published previously, and has the important advantage of a relatively simple implementation in a realistic entry scenario. Furthermore, the LQ technique can take advantage of the good robustness properties of a linear Kalman filter based upon the measurement of longitude, latitude, and speed, wherein little deterioration is observed in the closed-loop performance.     

ISAR干扰及干扰效果评估技术

描述了逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）干扰技术、干扰评估技术的发展历程与现状,分析了ISAR干扰技术存在的问题,展望了这两种技术的发展趋势。     

Changes of human serum proteome profile during 7-day “dry” immersion

The aim of this study was to characterize changes of serum proteome profile during 7-day “dry” immersion (DI). The experiment with DI consisted of three series: control group without countermeasures (10 men), with using mechanical stimulation (6 men) and low-frequency myostimulation (5 men) as preventive means. Serum samples were fractionated using ClinProt robot (Bruker Daltonics) on magnetic beads (weak cation exchange magnetic beads—MB WCX) prior to mass-spectral profiling. It was obtained 170 peaks after fractionation of serum samples in each group. On 7th immersion day peak areas of fibrinopeptide A (m/z=1206; 1464), angiotensin II (m/z=1051), high molecular mass kininogen fragment (m/z=2133 Da) and C3-fragment of the complement system (m/z=1350 Da) were significantly decreased comparing with pre-experimental values of all experimental series. Peak areas of apolipoprotein C III (m/z=9419) and C4a fragment of the complement system (m/z=3206 Da) were increased. On 7th day of the recovery peak areas of all changed peaks were not close to pre-experimental values. This fact provided evidence of incomplete recovery of an organism after DI. The depth of the alterations had considerable individual variability. Thereby the detected changes of serum proteome profile in the experiment. They indicated a reorganization of the hormonal, immune systems and lipid metabolism. The use of myostimulation and mechanical stimulation as countermeasures partly compensated adverse effects of 7-day dry immersion on the parameters of coagulation system (fibrinopeptide A) and lipid metabolism (apolipoprotein CIII).     

Dy对EB-PVDβ-NiAl涂层高温瞬态氧化行为的影响(英文)

β-NiAl是一种有前景的应用于1150°C以上的抗氧化涂层材料。本文利用电子束物理气相沉积(EB-PVD)方法制备了0~0.5at%Dy含量的β-NiAl涂层,研究了涂层的瞬态氧化行为。1200°C时,在0.05at%Dy掺杂的涂层中只观察到了稳态α-Al2O3相,而在0.5at%Dy掺杂的涂层中,1h氧化过程中,发生了θ-Al2O3到α-Al2O3的相变。1100°C时,在最初的15min所有涂层均发生了θ-α相变。0.05at%Dy掺杂的涂层在45min的时候相变已经完成,这比0.5at%Dy掺杂涂层要早得多。过量Dy的掺杂能够延缓θ-α相变。未掺杂和过量掺杂涂层在20h氧化之后仍存在针状相θ-Al2O3,而0.05at%Dy掺杂的涂层中则为经典的颗粒状α-Al2O3形貌。     

Corrosion Properties of Light-weight and High-strength 2195 Al-Li Alloy

The intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion of 2195 Al-Li alloy treated by multi-step heating-rate controlled aging (MSRC) are studied. The corrosion features of 2195 Al-Li alloys which are respectively treated by high-temperature nucleation MSRC (H-M) and low-temperature nucleation MSRC (L-M) are contrasted. And the corrosion mechanism of 2195 Al-Li alloy is also discussed from the viewpoint of microstructure (types, distribution, etc.) of the strengthening phase. The results show that 2195 Al-Li alloy after H-M is more susceptible to intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion than that of alloy after L-M. The degree of intergranular corrosion increases with the increase of predeformation amount and the surface parallel to the rolling direction is more prone to exfoliation corrosion. The main reason of intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion is the for-mation of corrosion galvanic couples among T1 phase, ?θ’ phase and grain boundary precipitate-free zones (PFZ).     

航天器自动化测试语言的设计与实现(英文)

航天器自动测试系统是基于各种测试标准的航天器综合测试信息化系统,测试语言是关于各种测试标准描述的形式体系,是提高测试效率的重要手段。在我国多航天器测试的新需求下,航天器测试语言的研究已成为航天器测试领域面临的新挑战。结合当前的测试需求,本文提出了一种高阶航天器测试语言CATOL(China Aerospace Test and Operation Language),介绍了语言的组成结构。为了刻画和定义航天器测试过程,给出了该语言子集 CATOL-PR的语法和操作语义,实现了该语言的原型系统。该语言可促进国内航天器测试的标准化工作,提高测试人员工作效率,使航天器自动化测试工作得到进一步发展。     

基于灵活磨削空间的面向复杂型面工件的机器人砂带磨削系统的结构尺寸优化研究(英文)

为了提高机器人砂带磨削系统加工复杂型面工件的磨削质量,提出了灵活磨削点和灵活磨削空间的概念,并且对其进行了定义。分析了影响灵活磨削空间的各种因素,提出了确定灵活磨削空间的方法。基于粒子群法,提出了一种通过优化磨削机器人的结构尺寸以及机器人相对于磨削轮的位置关系以获得足够灵活磨削空间的策略。最后,以磨削航空发动机叶片为例,利用本文提出的优化策略对一台专用的PPPRRR型磨削机器人的结构尺寸以及此机器人相对于磨削轮的位置关系进行了优化。仿真结果表明,如果叶片被置于此灵活磨削空间内,那么仅需使用一套夹具和一台磨削机即可实现复杂型面的磨削。     

Study of ADS-B Data Evaluation

In western China, the terrain and meteorological conditions are so complex that it is not suitable to construct new radar stations. Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a totally new surveillance method, so before practically applied and operated in China, abundant tests and evaluations are necessary to validate the performance of ADS-B and guarantee the operational security. During the flight tests, we collect the data of radar, ADS-B and high accuracy position and compare the performance of ADS-B with radar based on high accuracy position. To solve the asynchronous problem among radar data, ADS-B data and real-time kinematic (RTK) data caused by different update rates, this article proposes the technique of synchronizing multi-surveillance data by extrapolating from the data of low update rate to high update rate according to velocity and heading. Meanwhile, because radar data, ADS-B data and RTK data are expressed in different coordinates and cannot be compared each other, this article provides a method to unifying the coordinates of multi-surveillance data. By the analysis and evaluation, we can conclude that the performance of ADS-B is better than radar.