Experimental investigation on silica dust lofting due to charging within micro-cavities and surface electric field in the vacuum chamber

The charged dust particles can be mobilized electrostatically by the repulsion between the adjacent grains and the surface electric field due to the incoming electron current and the charge accumulation within the micro-cavities. In this study, the experimental results of the initial vertical launching velocities and the maximum dust heights are compared with the estimated values for the lofted spherical dust grains by the patch surface charging equations. Silica particles with the sizes between <6 and 45?µm in radius are loaded on a graphite plate, and they are exposed to the electron beam with 450?eV energy under 4?×?10^?3?Pa vacuum chamber pressure. During the first set of the experiments, the dust samples are tested without an initial compression process and an additional horizontal electric field. Second, the dust samples are compressed by two different weights in order to increase the packing density under approximately 780.7?Pa and 3780?Pa. Finally, the dust grains are placed between the two parallel aluminum plates to apply approximately 2000?V/m and 4800?V/m horizontal electric field. A high-speed camera is used to record the transportation of the dust grains together with a microscopic telescope, and the results point out that the patch surface dust-charging model estimations are in agreement with the first experiments. On the other hand, the dust particles from the compressed samples are lofted with higher velocities than the estimations, and the number of the dust lofting observations decreases significantly, which demonstrates the importance of the micro-cavities and the increased charging requirement to overcome the contact forces. When the horizontal electric field is present, the initial vertical launching velocities are measured to be lower than the other experiments, which can be attributed to the decreased charging requirement for the dust lofting as a result of inter-particle collisions and rolling motion. According to the experimental results, the electrostatic dust transportation can be controlled not only by the ambient plasma and the solar irradiation on the airless planetary bodies, but also by the surface properties such as the contact surfaces between the dust grains, the number of the micro-cavities related to the packing density, and the presence of the horizontal electric field contributing to the external forces by other particle motions.     

柔性二氧化硅气凝胶综述

二氧化硅气凝胶具有低密度、高孔隙率、高比表面积、低导热性等特点,但存在强度低、韧性差等缺陷.在此基础上,柔性二氧化硅气凝胶通过改进传统二氧化硅气凝胶的制备工艺表现出了更优的力学性能与适用性.本文综述了国内外柔性二氧化硅气凝胶的最新研究进展,分析对比了不同类型气凝胶的性能参数;重点介绍了柔性二氧化硅气凝胶常用的制备方法,...     

单分散性SiO2小球的制备及表征

以四乙氧基硅烷为原料,以氨水为催化剂,采用Sol-gel反应合成了单分散性SiO_2小球。结果表明,通过控制原料及氨水的浓度,可以对小球的粒径(70～1 000 nm可调)进行控制;采用红外光谱、固体核磁共振、X射线衍射、扫描电镜及透射电镜等分析手段对小球的结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明小球具有较为致密的实心结构,基本实现了无机化,并且具有较好的热稳定性能。     

SiO2气凝胶制备及疏水改性研究

采用六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDZ)和六甲基二硅氧烷(HMDSO)为表面改性剂,对正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)经溶胶-凝胶过程制备的凝胶进行表面改性,大幅度简化了洗涤过程,常压干燥制备了疏水SiO2气凝胶,并研究了表面改性剂对SiO2气凝胶结构和性能的影响.结果表明,所制备的疏水SiO2气凝胶有良好的疏水性能,吸附水量低于3%,与水的接触角大于130°;疏水SiO2气凝胶的密度、比表面积和孔隙率分别为150～225 kg/m3、750～900 m2/g和88%～93%,其颗粒尺寸为1～100 nm.     

二氧化硅气凝胶的等效热导率理论

应用分子运动论对二氧化硅气凝胶的传热机理进行了研究。根据其微观结构特点,建立了纳米孔隙模型。考虑气体分子间的相互作用力,推导了纳米孔隙内气体的热导率,得到了二氧化硅气凝胶内气体热导率的表达式。建立了二氧化硅气凝胶固相结构单元导热模型,运用分子运动论推导了固相结构的热导率,获得了二氧化硅气凝胶的总体等效热导率。结果表明,影响二氧化硅气凝胶内气体热导率的主要因素是气体的平均分子自由程与分子之间以及分子与壁面之间的相互作用,固相结构单元的直径和接触界面的直径是影响固相结构单元热导率的主要因素,而二氧化硅气凝胶孔隙尺寸的分布严重影响其等效热导率。     

纳米CaCO3/SiO2核-壳结构复合粒子的制备

采用含有纳米碳酸钙的硅酸钠水性悬浮液在酸性物质作用下，硅酸盐发生水解-缩合反应生成溶胶从而沉积在纳米碳酸钙粒子表面的溶胶沉淀法，制备出具有核-壳结构的纳米碳酸钙／二氧化硅复合粒子。用TEM、IR、xPs、TGA、xRD等方法对复合粒子的大小、形貌、化学组成、结构、热性能及晶型等作了分析和表征。     

天问一号火星进入舱热控系统设计与验证

天问一号火星进入舱携带祝融号火星车实施进入、下降、着陆过程,其热控系统设计主要面临地火转移外热流大幅变化、进入火星舱壁气动烧蚀长时高温、着陆发动机点火局部超高温等技术挑战。为此,综合采用隔热设计、等温化设计、主动控温设计等热控手段,针对外热流大幅变化应用了新型SAL-2热控涂层,为解决局部超高温问题研制了新型气凝胶热防护装置,完整构建了进入舱的高效可靠热控系统。飞行遥测数据表明,全飞行过程设备温度和热控功耗均优于指标要求,进入、下降、着陆过程工作设备温度范围5.0~40.3℃,整舱平均控温功耗不超过43W,验证了进入舱热控系统设计的有效性。     

低密度气凝胶复合材料的火星环境适应性研究

针对航天器的使用要求,研制了密度≤30 kg/m~3轻质高效的二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料。针对深空探测的应用环境,对低密度气凝胶复合材料在不同条件下的热导率、热循环、热真空和电离总剂量等环境试验进行测试。结果表明,低密度气凝胶复合材料服役温度可达到-145～85℃,在1 kPa CO_2气氛下热导率可达到6.6 mW/(m·K)。获得了不同气氛和不同温度条件下以及同种气氛、不同压力条件下低密度气凝胶复合材料的热导率变化规律,并测试批次性材料热导率,结果表明批次热导率稳定性良好。热循环、热真空和电离辐照试验前后热导率和尺寸收缩率均未变化,表明低密度气凝胶复合材料在深空环境下保持良好的结构和稳定的隔热性能。     

高性能玻璃钢内衬的研制

本文介绍了用８％－１０％ＣＴＢＮ改性酚醛；高硅复合材料研制的固体发动机长尾喷管内衬的性能及发动机试车结果。     

溶胶共凝法制备准连续密度梯度SiO2气凝胶

针对气凝胶在航空航天领域的应用需求,为了进一步拓展单一密度气凝胶的应用范围,对密度梯度SiO2气胶的制备进行了研究.采用自建密度梯度制备成型装置,以正硅酸乙酯为有机硅源,经溶胶共凝工艺,结合CO2超临干燥技术,获得密度范围在60~160 mg/cm3的准连续密度梯度SiO2气凝胶.采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X线相...