Assessment of the close approach frequency and collision probability for satellites in different configurations of large constellations

The Earth orbital environment is drastically changing due to an intensification of the space activities. In particular, several projects of large constellations, proposed for the next years for communications purpose like global internet access, Internet of Things, or for Earth observations, will lead to the deployment of several thousands of new satellites at an unprecedented rate. It is a crucial challenge for space traffic management, which will deal with a great number of satellite conjunctions, potentially causing a collision with damaging consequences for the constellation itself and the space environment sustainability.In this paper, we investigate the close approach frequency and the cumulative collision probability for each referenced constellation. For this purpose, we compute the orbital evolution of satellites in different constellations during the lifecycle, from the deployment to the decommissioning, and we apply the CUBE algorithm and the Foster method to assess the collision probability with the background space debris population assuming a constant uncertainty in position. We show the variation of risk defined by the close approach frequency and the cumulative collision probability as a function of the proposed configuration. In particular, satellites of the Iridium and Kuiper constellation, but also satellite of the Telesat constellation on polar orbits are the most exposed at a collision. Moreover, the decommissioning phase contribute for a major part to the final cumulative collision probability.     

复杂动态环境下无人飞行器动态避障近似最优轨迹规划

针对复杂动态环境下无人飞行器的动态障碍规避问题，基于合理假设建立了无人飞行器和动态障碍的运动学模型，并综合考虑无人飞行器飞行过程中的终端约束、控制输入约束、安全避障约束等，以能量最少为性能指标构建动态避障问题数学描述。之后，针对终端约束和控制输入约束，依据优化模型预测静态规划算法(OMPSP)生成初始轨迹；针对动态避障问题的不等式约束，引入松弛变量并结合滑模变结构控制方法设计松弛变量动力学，实现对一个、多个或同时多个动态障碍的安全规避；最后，依据有限时间微分动态规划(RHDDP)算法进行轨迹优化，获得满足上述各种约束并能规避动态障碍的近似最优轨迹。     

A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

基于蚂蚁算法的星上ATM交换结构

对于卫星ATM交换系统，星上ATM交换结构的设计是一个非常重要的部分。由于卫星通信具有带宽有限、时延受限、信道误码率高等特点，因而设计星上交换结构时必须尽可能降低交换时延，减少内部阻塞。为此，提出一种基于蚂蚁算法的星上ATM交换结构，并对此方案进行了分析和仿真。结果表明，该结构由于采用了蚂蚁算法和阻塞规避方案，有效改善了信元时延和信元丢失率等性能。     

哥伦布航天器对轨道碎片撞击危害的设计考虑

简要介绍了欧洲空间局在执行哥伦布计划期间，在载人压力舱和有人照料的自由飞行器的设计阶段。对微流量和轨道碎片撞击危害的防护研究方面所做的主要工作。     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

一种新的综合TF／TA最优航迹算法

综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ是新一代低空突防技术，ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹的计算是其控制系统的核心。文中提出了一种新的综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹算法，它用动态规划和树型搜索相结合的方法，实时计算综合ＴＦ／ＴＡ最优航迹。算法考虑了飞机机动能力的约束，使最优航迹在不需要平滑处理时就是一个可实现航迹。另外还考虑了威胁的影响，使最优航迹能有效地进行威胁回避。计算结果表明，所得的最优航迹具有综合地形跟踪／回避和威胁回避的能力。     

空间碎片碰撞预警研究

介绍了空间碎片的分布和危害，阐明了航天器进行碎片预警规避的必要性，讨论了碎片碰撞预警技术中的关键问题，用已有的碰撞和规避实例对自行研制的软件进行了计算检验，结果证明了软件的正确性，也说明了国内进行碎片预警工作的可行性．     

A novel biased proportional navigation guidance law for close approach phase

A novel biased proportional navigation guidance (BPNG) law is proposed for the close approach phase, which aims to make the spacecraft rendezvous with the target in specific relative range and direction. Firstly, in order to describe the special guidance requirements, the concept of zero effort miss vector is proposed and the dangerous area where there exists collision risk for safety consideration is defined. Secondly, the BPNG, which decouples the range control and direc-tion control, is designed in the line-of-sight (LOS) rotation coordinate system. The theoretical anal-ysis proves that BPNG meets guidance requirements quite well. Thirdly, for the consideration of fuel consumption, the optimal biased proportional navigation guidance (OBPNG) law is derived by solving the Schwartz inequality. Finally, simulation results show that BPNG is effective for the close approach with the ability of evading the dangerous area and OBPNG consumes less fuel compared with BPNG.     

A new steering approach for VSCMGs with high precision

A new variable speed control moment gyro (VSCMG) steering law is proposed in order to achieve higher torque precision. The dynamics of VSCMGs is established, and two work modes are then designed according to command torque:control momentum gyro (CMG)/reaction wheel (RW) hybrid mode for the large torque case and RW single mode for the small. When working in the CMG/RW hybrid mode, the steering law deals with the gimbal dead-zone nonlinearity through compensation by RW sub-mode. This is in contrast to the conventional CMG singularity avoidance and wheel speed equalization, as well as the proof of definitely hyperbolic singular property of the CMG sub-mode. When working in the RW single mode, the motion of gimbals will be locked. Both the transition from CMG/RW hybrid mode to RW single mode and the reverse are studied. During the transition, wheel speed equalization and singularity avoidance of both the CMG and RW sub-modes are considered. A steering law for the RWs with locked gimbals is presented. It is shown by simulations that the VSCMGs with this new steering law could reach a better torque precision than the normal CMGs in the case of both large and small torques.