ESO-based event-triggered attitude control of spacecraft with unknown actuator faults

An event-triggered control strategy based on extended state observer (ESO) is proposed for the attitude tracking problem of small plug-and-play spacecraft with uncertain inertia parameters, external disturbances, and actuator faults. A simplified controller is developed based on the angular velocity and the general disturbances estimated by the provided ESO using the information of the system inputs and the angular velocities. In the designed event-triggered sampling mechanism, a state-dependent event-triggered strategy determines the triggering instant of the controller to reduce the frequency of information transmission between the controller and the actuator. In comparison with the previous literature, this paper considers uncertain inertia parameters, external disturbances, and actuator faults as general disturbances estimated by ESO, especially for the actuator faults. The inputs of ESO are the error of the angular velocities, which can simplify the controller design. Moreover, the designed ESO can effectively attenuate the influence of measured noises generated by the gyroscopes. The proposed event-triggered policy balances the performance of event-triggering and the control stability performance, which reduces the final state convergence regions without increasing more triggering times compared to existing studies. Furthermore, the investigated policy achieves Zeno-free triggering. Numerical simulations verify theoretical results.     

基于事件触发的航天器姿态自适应容错控制

针对航天器通信和计算资源约束以及执行器故障场景下的姿态控制问题，提出了一种基于事件触发的航天器姿态自适应容错控制策略。首先，采用自适应方法估计故障信息、外界扰动等系统中未知参数，并引入事件触发机制，在执行器故障下实现容错控制的同时，节约星载计算机的计算资源。然后，基于李雅普诺夫方法证明了所提出的控制策略保证了闭环系统状态全局一致且最终有界稳定，并能有效避免Zeno现象，保证了执行器故障场景下对姿态的精确控制。最后，应用于航天器的姿态稳定试验，仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Fault tolerant small satellite attitude control using adaptive non-singular terminal sliding mode

The Attitude Control System (ACS) plays a pivotal role in the whole performance of the spacecraft on the orbit; therefore, it is vitally important to design the control system with the performance of rapid response, high control precision and insensitive to external perturbations. In the first place, this paper proposes two adaptive nonlinear control algorithms based on the sliding mode control (SMC), which are designed for small satellite attitude control system. The nonlinear dynamics describing the attitude of small satellite is considered in a circle reference orbit, and the stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of external perturbations is investigated. Then, in order to account for accidental or degradation fault in satellite actuators, the fault-tolerant control schemes are presented. Hence, two adaptive fault-tolerant control laws (continuous sliding mode control and non-singular terminal sliding mode control) are developed by adopting the nonlinear analytical model to describe the system, which can guarantee global asymptotic convergence of the attitude control error with the existence of unknown external perturbations. The nonlinear hyperplane based Terminal sliding mode is introduced into the control law design; therefore, the system convergence performance improves and the control error is convergent in “finite time”. As a result, the study on the non-singular terminal sliding mode control is the emphasis and the continuous sliding mode control is used to compare with the non-singular terminal sliding mode control. Meanwhile, an adaptive fuzzy algorithm has been proposed to suppress the chattering phenomenon. Moreover, several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controllers by correcting for the external perturbations. Simulation results confirm that the suggested methodologies yield high control precision in control. In addition, actuator degradation, actuator stuck and actuator failure for a period of time are simulated to demonstrate the fault recovery capability of the fault tolerant controllers. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the good performance of the adaptive non-singular terminal control in the event of actuator fault compare with the continuous sliding mode control.     

Constrained adaptive fault-tolerant attitude tracking control of rigid spacecraft

A saturated fault-tolerant attitude tracking controller for disturbed rigid spacecraft is derived using nonlinear state feedback control method. The proposed controller achieves the constraints of control inputs by directly using the bounded function instead of the traditional saturation compensator technique, and the active tolerance to the partial loss of actuator effectiveness is also achieved by directly using the known bounds of the actuator faults in the controller. Specifically, compared with the traditional saturated control methods, a continuously bounded nonlinear function in the proposed controller is used to guarantee that the actuator outputs are smoothly bounded under the prescribed constraints. Based on some properties of the attitude tracking dynamics, the proposed controller can ensure the attitude tracking errors converge to small neighborhoods of zero via stability analysis in the Lyapunov framework. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the control scheme.     

基于干扰补偿的导弹增量式动态逆容错控制方法

针对导弹飞控系统存在外部干扰、执行机构故障等问题,本文运用一种鲁棒增量式动态逆被动容错控制方法,以避免主动故障诊断带来的计算效率问题,同时实现飞行姿态的可靠安全控制。针对外部干扰及执行机构故障等控制系统不确定性,建立导弹三通道姿态控制模型,基于干扰观测器对不确定性进行估计与补偿设计终端滑模控制律。为进一步增强导弹姿态控制系统的鲁棒性,给出导弹增量式动态逆容错控制律,结合终端滑模控制设计干扰补偿的增量式动态逆终端滑模控制律,并对系统残差进行分析比较。某典型全弹道姿态跟踪任务仿真表明,该方法在故障未知的情况下仍然保持姿态跟踪特性与容错能力,实现导弹姿态鲁棒精准快速控制。     

卫星姿态控制系统的故障可诊断性评价研究

在不依赖任何诊断算法的前提下,对卫星姿态控制系统中传感器和执行器的故障可诊断性进行评价,旨在将提高系统故障诊断能力的工作重点前移到设计阶段.由于反馈控制的存在,导致故障会在整个系统中进行传播,使得单故障源表现出多异常征兆,这给闭环系统的故障诊断带来极大挑战.将故障视作扩展状态,并考虑模型不确定性,得到卫星姿态闭环控制系统的状态空间模型;根据可观测性判据,给出并证明考虑建模不确定性的加性故障和乘性故障可诊断性条件.所得相关结论可为卫星姿态控制系统设计提供理论参考依据.     

基于扩张状态观测器的航天器自适应姿态控制

针对航天器三轴姿态大角度机动时动力学特性耦合强烈的情况,同时考虑外界干扰及执行器的不确定性,根据扩张状态观测器的相关理论,提出了航天器姿态机动的一种自适应输出反馈控制策略。首先,采用动量矩定理和欧拉法建立了航天器的姿态动力学模型。然后,在此基础上,利用扩张状态观测器能够准确地获取航天器三轴间非线性耦合及其他未知的外界干扰信息的能力,设计了一种仅需要姿态角测量值的自适应输出反馈控制律,使航天器在大角度姿态机动的同时能够通过自适应律补偿控制力矩的输出偏差。仿真结果表明,在多种任务模式下,航天器都可以很好地完成姿态机动任务,从而验证了控制律的正确性和有效性。     

基于退步控制的姿态跟踪控制律的设计

退步控制是一种有效设计级联系统控制律的方法,而基于单位四元数的刚体姿态方程就是一种典型的级联系统。文章针对恒值干扰力矩作用下的刚体姿态跟踪控制问题,基于退步控制方法设计出一种含积分项的刚体姿态控制律,控制律中引入积分项是为了消除恒值干扰力矩产生的恒值偏差;并通过在李亚普诺夫函数中引入交叉项证明了控制律的全局稳定性;最后通过数值仿真验证了控制律。     

基于特征模型的力矩受限卫星三轴姿态控制

针对控制力矩受限的卫星大角度姿态机动控制问题,设计了一种基于特征模型的低增益反馈控制器.根据原对象动力学模型建立二阶时变差分方程形式的特征模型,通过推导得到了特征模型参数范围。给出了低增益饱和控制方法,并设计低增益反馈控制器,解决了控制输入饱和所带来的性能下降甚至系统不稳定的问题.通过使用特征建模有效地解决了常规控制方法难以使用于一些复杂对象控制的问题.控制受限卫星大角度姿态机动仿真验证了所提出控制方法的有效性.     

挠性卫星自适应姿态跟踪控制

具有较强变轨或姿态机动能力的卫星,在轨运行过程中其质量特性随着液体燃料的消耗而不断变化,卫星的惯量特性也随之变化,使卫星质量参数呈现不确知的特性。如何在惯量矩阵未知情况下实现挠性卫星的姿态跟踪控制是研究的重点。考虑目标姿态角速度可以时变的一般情形,设计了基于误差四元数的自适应姿态跟踪控制律,给出了稳定性证明。数学仿真结果表明该控制律能够在卫星转动惯量未知情况下,保证卫星本体姿态和跟踪目标姿态。     

Event-triggered attitude control of spacecraft

The problem of spacecraft attitude stabilization control system with limited communication and external disturbances is investigated based on an event-triggered control scheme. In the proposed scheme, information of attitude and control torque only need to be transmitted at some discrete triggered times when a defined measurement error exceeds a state-dependent threshold. The proposed control scheme not only guarantees that spacecraft attitude control errors converge toward a small invariant set containing the origin, but also ensures that there is no accumulation of triggering instants. The performance of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated through numerical simulation.     

导弹增量式自适应容错控制系统设计

导弹在实际飞行中存在气动参数不确定、执行机构故障等问题,从而对导弹飞行控制系统稳定性与操控能力造成严重影响。为此,设计一种增量式自适应容错控制方法,在实现导弹安全控制的同时,兼顾姿态控制算法时效性与可靠性。建立面向控制的三通道耦合姿态动力学模型;考虑系统不确定性和执行机构故障,基于增量式动态逆方法设计导弹被动容错控制律;基于自适应滑模控制与增量式动态逆方法,设计增量式动态逆自适应容错控制律,并对系统残差进行分析比较;通过某典型全弹道姿态跟踪任务,验证舵面故障下的姿态跟踪特性。仿真结果表明:所提方法在故障未知的情况下,能够保证飞行控制系统的鲁棒性与容错能力,实现导弹的安全可靠控制。      

Robust fault-tolerant saturated control for spacecraft proximity operations with actuator saturation and faults

In this paper, the motion control problem of autonomous spacecraft rendezvous and docking with a tumbling target in the presence of unknown model parameters, external disturbances, actuator saturation and faults is investigated. Firstly, a nonlinear six degree-of-freedom dynamics model is established to describe the relative motion of the chaser spacecraft with respect to the tumbling target. Subsequently, a robust fault-tolerant saturated control strategy with no precise knowledge of model parameters and external disturbances is proposed by combining the sliding mode control technique with an adaptive methodology. Then, within the Lyapunov framework, it is proved that the designed robust fault-tolerant controller can guarantee the relative position and attitude errors converge into small regions containing the origin. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy.     

使用动量交换装置的滑模姿态控制

研究一种基于修正罗德里戈参数的考虑执行机构特性的飞行器滑模控制律.建立结合双框架控制力矩陀螺的飞行器姿态动力学模型和基于修正罗德里戈参数的姿态运动学模型;分析模型不确定性以判断其对滑模控制方法的适用性,提出滑动面进而设计相应的滑模控制器,接着结合线性系统理论和李雅普诺夫稳定原理对控制器的参数确定进行了分析;使用蒙特卡罗法数值仿真验证此控制律的效果.结果证明上述控制器可有效完成姿控任务,且控制精确,鲁棒性良好.     

一种轮控卫星姿态机动变结构控制器

针对小卫星3轴反作用轮姿态控制系统的非线性特性,应用误差四元数来描述姿态运动,将星体大角度姿态机动问题转化为误差四元数的调节问题.利用误差四元数和误差角速度建立滑动模态,并基于Lyapunov定理推导出一种姿态机动的引入角加速度负反馈的变结构控制律.仿真结果表明,该控制律能够提高收敛速度,降低机动过程中角速度的超调量和对起始力矩的要求.同时,在模型参数不确定和有外干扰的情况下该控制律也具有全局稳定性和鲁棒性.      

事件触发机制下的充液航天器姿态控制

针对液体大幅晃动、通信资源受限的充液航天器姿态控制系统，提出一种自适应滑模控制与事件触发机制相结合的控制策略。首先，针对固-液耦合的充液航天器姿态控制系统，选用滑模变结构控制来削弱液体大幅晃动的非线性影响，并设计自适应更新律在线估计不确定参数来提高系统的鲁棒性。然后，考虑星载计算机资源的限制，设计相对阈值的事件触发机制来决定控制输入信号的更新，从而减少控制器与执行器之间的信号更新对通信网络的占用。最后，仿真结果表明，在液体大幅晃动下，所提控制策略不但可以使航天器姿态控制系统最终收敛到任意小的界内，而且可以减少96%的控制信号传输，减轻航天器的通信负载。      

Compensation of time-variable magnetic moments for a precise attitude control in nano- and micro-satellite missions

Theses days, many nano- and micro-satellites are applied to several astronomy and remote sensing missions. In order to achieve mission requirements, these satellites must control the attitude precisely. A magnetic disturbance is one of the dominant sources of attitude disturbances. Therefore, this disturbance should be canceled in-orbit or on the ground to achieve the attitude strict requirements. This paper presents the effect of the magnetic disturbance to the attitude in nano- and micro-satellite missions and the sources of the residual magnetic moment of the satellites, which causes the magnetic disturbance. Then, the paper proposes a method to compensate the residual magnetic moment both in-orbit and in the design phase of the satellites. The research also focused on a time-varying residual magnetic moment. Finally, the method is applied to a micro-astrometry satellite as an example.     

重力梯度小卫星重力场捕获的Lyapunov法

探讨了重力梯度小卫星采用主动磁控技术进行重力场捕获的Ｌｙａ－ｐｕｎｏｖ能量耗散法;给出了分区控制的条件及逻辑;阐述了磁控力矩的产生方法。仿真结果表明,该方法简单、有效,控制精度达到磁控小卫星的较高水平。     

非冗余舵面与RCS复合故障的自愈控制方法

临近空间飞行器在稀-稠大气过渡阶段且反推力矢量装置(Reaction Control System, RCS)有剩余燃料的情况下,RCS对于非冗余舵面的故障补偿与在线重构具有重要意义。基于此,本文研究了针对非冗余舵面与RCS复合故障的自愈控制方法,以实现飞行器的安全可靠控制。首先,建立了执行机构故障等不确定影响下的姿态控制模型;其次,针对舵面故障给出了基于残差观测的故障检测与自诊断方法,设计了RCS与舵面复合故障的分离诊断策略;然后,基于非线性比例-微分控制及故障诊断信息,设计了舵面故障补偿的自愈控制器;同时,基于RCS故障喷管序列判定,设计了复合故障下RCS在线重构的自愈控制器。最后,通过某典型全弹道姿态跟踪数值仿真,验证了该方法的有效性及可靠性。     

“风云一号” B 卫星姿态控制系统

“风云一号”气象卫星姿态控制系统采用了三轴稳定对地定向的主动控制方案。已发射了两颗（Ａ、Ｂ）卫星,其中Ｂ星是在Ａ星主控系统的基础上,增加了一个完整的备份系统,采取一系列冗余措施并设计全方位姿态重新捕获的故障对策。经飞行试验及在轨故障应急处理证明,系统设计是完善和成功的,其中反作用飞轮控制、偏置动量控制、磁章动进动和飞轮卸载控制、全方位姿态重新捕获方案在中国是首次采用,均取得了较好的飞行效果,为长寿命卫星姿态控制系统的设计积累了宝贵经验。