基于语义的空间环境信息服务组合技术研究

随着卫星技术的飞速发展，保障空间技术系统的运行安全对空间环境预报业务提出了更高要求.本文根据空间环境信息服务中数据及模型资源分布式集成与共享的现状，针对空间环境预报数据智能化、自动化生成的需求，将Web服务技术及语义服务组合技术应用到空间环境信息服务中.根据空间环境领域特点，提出了空间环境领域的语义相似度计算方法，并采用基于语义相似度的方法实现空间环境信息服务的自动组合.      

Development of Space Environment Research and Service in China

During the past two years, space environment has achieved great development in space environment monitoring, model research, system developing and space environment service in China. In this paper, we mainly introduce space environment safety support for Shenzhou-7 manned spacecraft, two typical space environment operation platforms, and the advance of Re-locatable Atmospheric Observatory (RAO). At the last part of this paper, the Sub-committee on Space Environment(SSE) which was set up in 2009 under the Technical Committee on Space Technology and Operation of Standardization Administration of China is briefly introduced.      

Space Environment Prediction for SZ-4 and SZ-5

The Space Environment Prediction Center (SEPC) of the Center for Space Science and Applied Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CSSAR, CAS)took on the mission of offering the space environment parameters which may be of use to the safety of manned spacecraft. In order to complete the space environment safety guarantee mission for SZ-4 and SZ-5, SEPC improved the space environment monitoring system, database system, prediction result display system, prediction implementation system, etc. For guaranteeing the safety of the airship and cosmonaut in the first manned SZ-5, flying experiment mission,SEPC developed the software for analyzing radiation dose and early-warning software for large debris collision with SZ-5. Three months before the flights of SZ-4 and SZ-5, SEPC began to predict the safe launch period in view of the space environment, and offered timely and valid reference opinions for selecting the safety period. Especially during the mission of SZ-5, SEPC analyzed the space high-energy environment in a pre-arranged orbit and abnormal orbit andevaluated the radiation dose which cosmonauts may encounter in space. The evaluation offered an important reference for cosmonaut safety and decisionmaking in the SZ-5 mission. The calculation of the distribution of large debris and the collision risk assessment at different orbit entry times for SZ-5 provided an important base for the superior department to make flight decisions.     

空间环境天基探测现状与需求分析

天基空间环境探测是了解空间环境状态及变化规律的重要手段, 同时也是保障人类空间活动安全的空间环境预报业务的重要数据来源. 为了促进中国空间环境天基探测的发展和合理布局, 本文分析总结了空间环境天基探测的现状、特点以及能够服务于空间天气预报的业务监测能力情况, 从空间环境业务保障角度分析了空间环境天基探测的需求, 并对中国天基空间环境探测的发展思路进行了初步探讨分析.      

Space debris mitigation strategies and practices in geosynchronous transfer orbits

Missions to geosynchronous orbits remain one of the most important elements of space launch traffic, accounting for 40% of all missions to Earth orbit and beyond during the four-year period 2000–2003. The vast majority of these missions leave one or more objects in geosynchronous transfer orbits (GTOs), contributing on a short-term or long-term basis to the space debris population. National and international space debris mitigation guidelines seek to curtail the accumulation of debris in orbits which penetrate the regions of low Earth orbit and of geosynchronous orbit. The orbital lifetime of objects in GTO can be greatly influenced by the initial values of perigee, inclination, and right ascension of the orbital plane, leading to orbital lifetimes of from less than one month to more than 100 years. An examination of the characteristic GTOs employed by launch vehicles from around the world has been conducted. The consequences of using perigees above 300 km and super-synchronous apogees, typically above 40,000 km, have been identified. In addition, the differences in orbital behavior of launch vehicle stages and mission-related debris in GTOs have been investigated. Greater coordination and cooperation between space launch service providers and spacecraft designers and owners could significantly improve overall compliance with guidelines to mitigate the accumulation of debris in Earth orbit.     

考虑在轨热效应的网状天线索网优化设计

网状天线服役于高低温、强辐射的复杂太空环境，其热变形是影响天线在轨性能的重要因素。目前的设计方法均为常温下的索段预应力配置，难以计及服役环境对天线在轨性能的影响。通过在索网模型中引入温度载荷，建立了以常温下索段参数为变量，以服役环境下的索网形面精度和张力分布为目标及约束条件的索网优化模型，从而在设计之初充分考虑服役热环境下的天线性能，改善天线在轨精度和张力分布。分析了天线运行轨道热环境，计算了天线在不同轨道位置的温度场；基于非线性有限元理论，建立了网状天线热结构模型，形成了考虑温度效应的索网找形及优化设计方法；开展了面向天线服役性能的索网优化设计。优化结果表明，该方法有效提高了天线在轨运行时的性能，可为考虑服役环境的网状天线优化设计提供方法和思路。     

An Outline of Investigation of Space Medicine Problem and Its Mechanism

The human exploration of space is one of the great voyages of discovery in human history. For over forty years space exploration, human have gotten more profound knowledge about outer space and life phenomena, ranging from understanding and recognizing space to adapting and utilizing space. With these development, space medicine that aimed at studying effect of space environment on human health and ensuring the safety, health and effective working of human in space exploration, will become increasingly improved and matured.The contents of research will develop from the early phenomena observation of the effect of space environment on human physiology and biochemistry, and the effect definition, to the study of the mechanism of changes of cell, molecule, and gene, from the passive adaptation for space environment to taking the initiative countermeasures, in order to ensure the safety, health and effective working of astronauts during space flight.Space practices in the past forty years have confirmed that a variety of physiological and pathological changes have been found for organism exposed to space flight. These changes include cardiovascular dysfunction, bone loss,muscle atrophy, decline of immune function, endocrine function disorder and space motion sickness. In recent years, more attention has been focused on the study of the mechanism of these changes, especially the effects of space environment on cell, molecule and its gene expression. With the demand of China's manned space engineering task and continuous development, a series of studies on medical problem caused by space environment have been carried out.     

基于智能空间的家庭服务机器人混合定位方法

智能空间在家庭服务机器人的应用中具有重要的作用,服务机器人的定位是其中的难点.首先提出了一种家庭环境下实现服务机器人进行家庭辅助操作的智能空间架构,然后对一种低成本的服务机器人混合定位方法进行了研究,该方法首先基于加权概率匹配定位算法的无线网络信号强度确定位置范围,然后读取智能空间中的无线射频标签进行位置计算,最后基于比例不变特征变换算法进行最终位置的视觉定位.在家居环境下的实验证明了该混合定位方法的有效性,该混合定位方法为服务机器人走入家庭提供了一种低成本、高可靠性的定位解决方案.     

太阳帆板驱动机构的表面充放电效应研究

空间等离子体环境效应导致的卫星表面充放电是造成卫星在轨工作异常及故障的重要原因之一. 太阳帆板驱动机构（Solar Array Drive Assembly,SADA）是长寿命、大功率卫星电传输环节的关键部件,易成为充放电效应的对象,可使卫星丧失能源,导致整星失效. 为验证空间等离子体环境导致的表面充放电对SADA特别是其功率传输可靠性和安全性的影响,利用等离子体环境模拟试验装置,模拟地球同步轨道（Geostationary Orbit,GEO）等离子体环境,针对SADA进行试验研究. 结果表明,使用两种不同绝缘材料的SADA在空间等离子体模拟环境下表现没有明显区别,表面充放电未对设计合理的SADA正常工作造成明显影响. 研究结果对未来GEO轨道SADA等空间机构的可靠性和安全性设计具有一定指导意义.      

地面实验室模拟空间等离子体环境的初步测试

空间等离子体和航天器的相互作用对航天器的安全有重要影响，利用空间实验来研究这些作用的代价很大，可以通过在地面实验室中模拟空间等离子体环境来低成本地研究这些相互作用。本研究通过使用ECR等离子体源期望在地面实验室来近似模拟空间等离子体环境。通过初步测量，我们得到了一个比较均匀的等离子体环境。     

航天服材料与发展动向

在载人航天飞行中,航天服是确保宇航员生命安全和具有良好工作能力的必不可少的一种装备,而选择或研制航天服所用的特种材料是航天服研制中的一项关键枝术。本文就空间环境对航天服材料的影响,航天服材料性能要求及其发展动向进行了较全面的论述。     

Simulation of cosmic man-made dust effects on space vehicle elements in rocket and laboratory experiments

Institute of Experimental Meteorology initiated investigations of anthropogenic contamination (AC) and its influence on the near-earth environment and orbiting vehicles. These investigations are based on rocket experiments on simulation of the effects of gas-dust fluxes at the rate of 7–8 km/s on vehicle optical elements under real space conditions. The fluxes are generated by rocket-borne explosive generators.     

Space Weather Service for Chinese Space Science Satellites

Strategic Priority Research Program on Space Science has gained remarkable achievements. Space Environment Prediction Center (SEPC) affiliated with the National Space Science Center (NSSC) has been providing space weather services and helps secure space missions. Presently, SEPC is capable to offer a variety of space weather services covering many phases of space science missions including planning, design, launch, and orbital operation. The service packages consist of space weather forecasts, warnings, and effect analysis that can be utilized to avoid potential space weather hazard or reduce the damage caused by space storms, space radiation exposure for example. Extensive solar storms that occurred over Chinese Ghost Festival (CGF) in September 2017 led to a large enhancement of the solar energetic particle flux at 1 AU, which affected the near Earth radiation environment and brought great threat to orbiting satellites. Based on the space weather service by SEPC, satellite ground support groups collaborating with the space Tracking, Telemetering and Command system (TT&C) team were able to take immediate measures to react to the CGF solar storm event.      

电离层等离子体主动释放试验研究

等离子体主动释放试验是空间物理研究的一种主动、有效手段. 2013年4月中国科学院空间科学与应用研究中心在海南进行了中国第一次空间等离子体主动释放试验. 探空火箭在190 km高度释放了近1 kg碱金属钡, 形成一团由钡原子和钡离子组成的云团. 利用地面光学观测手段, 记录了钡云从释放初期到末期的演化全过程, 获取了钡云亮度、粒子密度、成分及扩散范围随时间的变化规律. 通过对钡云漂移的研究, 得到低纬度地区释放点处电离层的中性风场特性, 其分析结果对于研究低纬度地区电离层动力学特性具有一定指导意义.      

航天器介质放电脉冲频谱特征实验研究

空间电子辐射环境下,航天器介质的充放电效应是威胁航天器安全的重要因素.介质放电现象除与材料参数及构型相关外,还与空间电子环境密切相关.本文通过电子枪和Sr90放射源在地面实验装置上模拟空间电子辐照环境,测试了环氧树脂、聚四氟乙烯、聚酰亚胺等常见空间材料在不同温度、不同电子能量和电子束流强度影响下的放电脉冲,并对放电电流脉冲和电场脉冲进行频谱分析.实验分析结果表明,介质材料的放电电流脉冲频谱具有明显的单峰结构,该峰值与材料厚度和入射电子能量相关,但受材料温度和辐照束流强度影响不大.      

一种评估空间环境下半导体材料损伤的模拟方法

提出了一种模拟空间环境下半导体材料晶格损伤速率的方法, 计算了375km轨道高度不同纬度空间位置的飞行器模型中硅片产生晶格损伤的速率. 本方法考虑了宇宙射线的质子、正负电子、中子和γ射线成分, 建立了简单的多层飞行器结构模型, 并通过模拟给出了芯片上氕、氘、氚、氦、正负电子、正负π介子、γ射线及中子的损伤结果. 相比给出材料中的非电离能量损失, 更进一步给出了晶格损伤的产生速率, 为半导体器件的可靠性评估提供了进一步的参考数据.      

近月空间带电粒子环境——“嫦娥1号”“嫦娥2号”观测结果

“嫦娥1号”（CE-1）、“嫦娥2号”（CE-2）都安装了1台太阳高能粒子探测器（High-energetic ParticlesDetectors,HPD）和2台太阳风离子探测器（Solar Wind Ion Detectors,SWIDs）,进行了月球轨道200 km和100 km空间环境探测,获得了月球轨道空间高能带电粒子（质子、电子和重离子）能谱随时间的演化特征、等离子体与月球相互作用特征以及太阳风离子速度、密度和温度参量。空间环境探测数据分析结果表明：太阳活动低年、空间环境扰动水平相对较低、月球处于太阳风中时,近月空间带电粒子环境的基本特征与行星际空间相比变化不大。CE-1、CE-2在轨运行期间,发现了多起0.1～2 MeV能量电子急剧增加事件,这些事件发生在月球从太阳风运动到磁尾的所有空间区域,其中20%的事件伴随着卫星周围等离子体离子加速。模拟和统计研究表明：能量电子急剧增加使得绕月卫星和月球表面电位大幅下降导致了离子加速现象的发生;能量电子总流量大于10¹¹ cm^-2时,绕月卫星和月球表面充电电位可达负的上千伏。此外,月表溅射与反射太阳风离子、太阳风“拾起”离子等空间环境事件的发现,揭示了太阳风离子和月球存在复杂的相互作用过程。     

Active debris removal of multiple priority targets

Today’s space debris environment shows major concentrations of objects within distinct orbital regions for nearly all size regimes. The most critical region is found at orbital altitudes near 800 km with high declinations. Within this region many satellites are operated in so called sun-synchronous orbits (SSO). Among those, there are Earth observation, communication and weather satellites. Due to the orbital geometry in SSO, head-on encounters with relative velocities of about 15 km/s are most probable and would thus result in highly energetic collisions, which are often referred to as catastrophic collisions, leading to the complete fragmentation of the participating objects. So called feedback collisions can then be triggered by the newly generated fragments, thus leading to a further population increase in the affected orbital region. This effect is known as the Kessler syndrome.