基于星联网的深空自主导航方案设计

为了降低地面测控系统的负担、提高深空探测器的导航效率,提出了基于星联网的航天器自主导航概念,对星联网的应用体系进行了设计。借助脉冲星、星间链路等手段实现星联网系统中基准航天器完全自主的高精度导航,用户航天器通过与基准航天器或其他用户航天器的交互通信与测量就可以实现自身状态估计。以地月转移任务为例,设计了星联网系统在地月空间的具体应用方案,分析了地月空间基准航天器的配置与自主导航方法,阐述了用户航天器的单层与多层导航策略。对基于脉冲星与星间链路观测的基准航天器自主导航进行了仿真,验证了观测基准航天器或者其他用户航天器时,地月转移段航天器自主导航的可行性。结果表明:基准航天器可以达到20 m的定位精度,用户航天器可以达到优于30 m的定位精度。基于星联网的航天器自主导航是可行的,发展星联网可以为我国构建天基自主基准导航系统提供有力支持。     

基于同波束干涉测量的航天器姿态测量研究

基于地基同波束干涉测量,建立了航天器姿态测量数学模型及方程,给出了姿态解算方法,并对方程可解性与解算精度因子进行了分析。通过模拟在轨航天器轨道运行,进行了基于同波束干涉测量的航天器姿态解算数值仿真和误差分析,对解算误差和观测俯仰角的关系进行了分析和验证。结果表明,利用3个地面测站针对航天器上3个下行天线信号开展同波束干涉测量,辅以精度因子约束进行姿态解算,可以获得有效的航天器姿态信息,其精度最高可达0.001°。该方法可以作为在轨航天器姿态测量的备份手段。     

Dynamics and control of spacecraft hovering using the geomagnetic Lorentz force

To achieve hovering, a spacecraft thrusts continuously to induce an equilibrium state at a desired position. Due to the constraints on the quantity of propellant onboard, long-time hovering around low-Earth orbits (LEO) is hardly achievable using traditional chemical propulsion. The Lorentz force, acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft as it moves through a planetary magnetic field, provides a new propellantless method for orbital maneuvers. This paper investigates the feasibility of using the induced Lorentz force as an auxiliary means of propulsion for spacecraft hovering. Assuming that the Earth’s magnetic field is a dipole that rotates with the Earth, a dynamical model that characterizes the relative motion of Lorentz spacecraft is derived to analyze the required open-loop control acceleration for hovering. Based on this dynamical model, we first present the hovering configurations that could achieve propellantless hovering and the corresponding required specific charge of a Lorentz spacecraft. For other configurations, optimal open-loop control laws that minimize the control energy consumption are designed. Likewise, the optimal trajectories of required specific charge and control acceleration are both presented. The effect of orbital inclination on the expenditure of control energy is also analyzed. Further, we also develop a closed-loop control approach for propellantless hovering. Numerical results prove the validity of proposed control methods for hovering and show that hovering around low-Earth orbits would be achievable if the required specific charge of a Lorentz spacecraft becomes feasible in the future. Typically, hovering radially several kilometers above a target in LEO requires specific charges on the order of 0.1 C/kg.     

航天器测试需求描述及其自动生成

航天器作为一个典型的安全苛刻系统,其可信性研究需求迫切,支持可信性评估的数据来自于航天器测试用例的执行,而航天器测试需求是测试用例生成的重要依据.在实际应用中,对航天器这类复杂系统,面临测试需求庞杂、测试需求编制周期长、人工经验编制方式难以保证测试需求的充分性、完备性及可复用性等问题.针对这些问题,通过分析航天器组织结构特点,建立航天器形式化模型,基于航天器测试任务流程,给出了航天器静态测试需求和动态测试需求形式化描述规范,并给出航天器测试需求自动生成方法,保证了测试需求的充分性和完备性,提高了测试需求复用性,与人工编制方式相比,缩短了测试需求编制周期.最后设计并实现航天器测试需求生成应用系统,验证所提出方法的有效性.      

Optimal guidance and collision avoidance for docking with the rotating target spacecraft

The guidance and control strategy for spacecraft rendezvous and docking are of vital importance, especially for a chaser spacecraft docking with a rotating target spacecraft. Approach guidance for docking maneuver in planar is studied in this paper. Approach maneuver includes two processes: optimal energy approach and the following flying-around approach. Flying-around approach method is presented to maintain a fixed relative distance and attitude for chaser spacecraft docking with target spacecraft. Due to the disadvantage of energy consumption and initial velocity condition, optimal energy guidance is presented and can be used for providing an initial state of flying-around approach process. The analytical expression of optimal energy guidance is obtained based on the Pontryagin minimum principle which can be used in real time. A couple of solar panels on the target spacecraft are considered as obstacles during proximity maneuvers, so secure docking region is discussed. A two-phase optimal guidance method is adopted for collision avoidance with solar panels. Simulation demonstrates that the closed-loop optimal energy guidance satisfies the ending docking constraints, avoids collision with time-varying rotating target, and provides the initial velocity conditions of flying-around approach maneuver. Flying-around approach maneuver can maintain fixed relative position and attitude for docking.     

Optimal spacecraft formation establishment and reconfiguration propelled by the geomagnetic Lorentz force

The Lorentz force acting on an electrostatically charged spacecraft as it moves through the planetary magnetic field could be utilized as propellantless electromagnetic propulsion for orbital maneuvering, such as spacecraft formation establishment and formation reconfiguration. By assuming that the Earth’s magnetic field could be modeled as a tilted dipole located at the center of Earth that corotates with Earth, a dynamical model that describes the relative orbital motion of Lorentz spacecraft is developed. Based on the proposed dynamical model, the energy-optimal open-loop trajectories of control inputs, namely, the required specific charges of Lorentz spacecraft, for Lorentz-propelled spacecraft formation establishment or reconfiguration problems with both fixed and free final conditions constraints are derived via Gauss pseudospectral method. The effect of the magnetic dipole tilt angle on the optimal control inputs and the relative transfer trajectories for formation establishment or reconfiguration is also investigated by comparisons with the results derived from a nontilted dipole model. Furthermore, a closed-loop integral sliding mode controller is designed to guarantee the trajectory tracking in the presence of external disturbances and modeling errors. The stability of the closed-loop system is proved by a Lyapunov-based approach. Numerical simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed open-loop control methods and demonstrate the performance of the closed-loop controller. Also, the results indicate the dipole tilt angle should be considered when designing control strategies for Lorentz-propelled spacecraft formation establishment or reconfiguration.     

Systems design of a hybrid sail pole-sitter

This paper presents the preliminary systems design of a pole-sitter. This is a spacecraft that hovers over an Earth pole, creating a platform for full hemispheric observation of the polar regions, as well as direct-link telecommunications. To provide the necessary thrust, a hybrid propulsion system combines a solar sail with a more mature solar electric propulsion (SEP) thruster. Previous work by the authors showed that the combination of the two allows lower propellant mass fractions, at the cost of increased system complexity. This paper compares the pure SEP spacecraft with the hybrid spacecraft in terms of the launch mass necessary to deliver a certain payload for a given mission duration. A mass budget is proposed, and the conditions investigated under which the hybrid sail saves on the initial spacecraft initial mass. It is found that the hybrid spacecraft with near- to mid-term sail technology has a lower initial mass than the SEP case if the mission duration is 7 years or more, with greater benefits for longer duration missions. The hybrid spacecraft with far-term sail technology outperforms the pure SEP case even for short missions.     

带有两个飞轮的欠驱动航天器姿态稳定控制研究

在系统总角动量不为零的前提下,仅带两个飞轮的航天器无法实现本体系相对于惯性系三轴姿态角为零的稳定控制,而已实现的角速度稳定控制和自旋稳定控制也无法满足姿态控制任务的多样化需求。于是在系统总角动量不为零时,首次提出存在最大程度姿态稳定形式为航天器本体三轴角速度稳定,同时固连于航天器的某一特定视线轴指向任意给定惯性方向。利用一种新的姿态描述形式推导出了角速度为零时航天器的目标姿态,然后基于线性化后的系统设计了线性二次型最优控制器。数值仿真表明利用此控制器能实现所提出的姿态稳定形式,这对于无须实现本体系相对惯性系三轴姿态角为零,而只需对固连于本体的天线或相机进行惯性空间定向控制的航天器将完全满足其姿态控制要求,同时也能提高欠驱动航天器的可靠性。     

基于先验子图检测的失效航天器SLAM方法

基于激光雷达的航天器位姿估计技术是当前在轨服务研究热点。针对失效航天器位姿估计,将通用的图优化SLAM技术应用到空间非合作目标的研究中。为解决SLAM算法在动态场景中产生累积误差问题,利用失效航天器自身运动特点,提出一种基于先验子图检测改进的SLAM算法。在该算法中,通过激光雷达和惯性测量单元分别采集失效航天器及周围环境的点云数据、服务航天器的运动信息,构建出服务场景下航天器的相对位姿图;再采用先验子图检测方法建立不连续的位姿节点间的约束关系;最后用约束信息对位姿图进行优化。仿真结果表明,相较于通用的SLAM算法的位姿估计,该方法减小了累积误差,提高了相对位姿估计精度,可以为后期的导航、控制等在轨任务提供信息。     

Development of in-situ Space Debris Detector

Due to high relative velocities, collisions of spacecraft in orbit with Space Debris (SD) or Micrometeoroids (MM) can lead to payload degradation, anomalies as well as failures in spacecraft operation, or even loss of mission. Flux models and impact risk assessment tools, such as MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference) or ORDEM (Orbital Debris Engineering Model), and ESABASE2 or BUMPER II are used to analyse mission risk associated with these hazards. Validation of flux models is based on measured data. Currently, as most of the SD and MM objects are too small (millimeter down to micron sized) for ground-based observations (e.g. radar, optical), the only available data for model validation is based upon retrieved hardware investigations e.g. Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), Hubble Space Telescope (HST), European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA). Since existing data sets are insufficient, further in-situ experimental investigation of the SD and MM populations are required. This paper provides an overview and assessment of existing and planned SD and MM impact detectors. The detection area of the described detectors is too small to adequately provide the missing data sets. Therefore an innovative detection concept is proposed that utilises existing spacecraft components for detection purposes. In general, solar panels of a spacecraft provide a large area that can be utilised for in-situ impact detection. By using this method on several spacecraft in different orbits the detection area can be increased significantly and allow the detection of SD and MM objects with diameters as low as 100 μm. The design of the detector is based on damage equations from HST and EURECA solar panels. An extensive investigation of those panels was performed by ESA and is summarized within this paper. Furthermore, an estimate of the expected sensitivity of the patented detector concept as well as examples for its implementation into large and small spacecraft are presented.     

Practical method to identify orbital anomaly as spacecraft breakup in the geostationary region

Identifying spacecraft breakup events is an essential issue for better understanding of the current orbital debris environment. This paper proposes an observation planning approach to identify an orbital anomaly, which appears as a significant discontinuity in archived orbital history, as a spacecraft breakup. The proposed approach is applicable to orbital anomalies in the geostationary region. The proposed approach selects a spacecraft that experienced an orbital anomaly, and then predicts trajectories of possible fragments of the spacecraft at an observation epoch. This paper theoretically demonstrates that observation planning for the possible fragments can be conducted. To do this, long-term behaviors of the possible fragments are evaluated. It is concluded that intersections of their trajectories will converge into several corresponding regions in the celestial sphere even if the breakup epoch is not specified and it has uncertainty of the order of several weeks.     

飞行器交会对接相对位置和姿态的估值方法

在飞行器的交会对接过程中 ,应用计算机视觉系统作为精确传感设备 ,测量飞行器相对于固定在空间站的坐标系的三维位置和方向 ,为导航和控制回路提供需要的反馈信息。文中研究了由计算机视觉系统采集的二维图像信息估计飞船相对于空间站的位置和姿态的方法 ;提出了光点检测光线拟合算法 ,并给出数字仿真结果。     

X射线脉冲星脉冲到达航天器时间测量

X射线脉冲星脉冲到达时间(TOA)的空间测量是航天器自主导航和用脉冲星钟作航天器时间标准的基础.在简要介绍地面射电观测TOA测量方法基础上,重点研究了X射线脉冲星脉冲到达时间的空间测量方法和算法.讨论了利用X射线脉冲星辐射光子到达时间观测,建立X射线脉冲轮廓的方法;给出了通过观测得到的X射线脉冲轮廓与标准脉冲轮廓比较,精确确定TOA的测量方法和实用算法.讨论了削弱多普勒效应对TOA测量影响的方法.      

一种航天器智能自适应控制方法

航天器智能自适应控制是航天器智能自主控制的一个重要组成部分。研究以带可伸缩挠性附件航天器为对象,以实现高精度、高稳定度和强适应性为目标的智能自适应控制的基本原理和方法,根据对象特征模型和自适应黄金分割控制律提出了基于附件长度的变参数主动控制方法,即中心刚体控制与挠性附件主动控制相结合的联合自适应控制方法。数学仿真结果表明不管航天器挠性附件伸展或收缩,亦或是受到共振扰动,该控制器都能快速抑制姿态角和模态的振动,而且姿态角和模态超调量都很小,其控制效果优于其他控制器的控制效果。     

Unbiased acceleration measurements with an electrostatic accelerometer on a rotating platform

The Gravity Advanced Package is an instrument composed of an electrostatic accelerometer called MicroSTAR and a rotating platform called Bias Rejection System. It aims at measuring with no bias the non-gravitational acceleration of a spacecraft. It is envisioned to be embarked on an interplanetary spacecraft as a tool to test the laws of gravitation.     

Spacecraft formation flying control around L2 sun-earth libration point using on–off SDRE approach

In this paper, on–off SDRE control approach is presented for spacecraft formation flying control around sun-earth L2 libration point. Orbits around libration points are significant targets for many space missions mainly because of efficient fuel consumption. Furthermore, less propellant usage can be achieved by considering optimal control approaches in spacecraft formation flying control design. Among various nonlinear and optimal control methods, SDRE has shown to be a popular controller in various missions due to the privileges including efficiency, accuracy and robustness. The spacecraft are assumed to have on–off thrusters as actuators. It requires them to be fed with a sequence of on–off pulses which is regarded as a challenge for spacecraft designers. Hence, the main contribution of this paper is designing an on–off SDRE approach for the formation flight around sun-earth L2 point with uncertainty with energy and accuracy considerations. Including on–off input as a constraint is not feasible for SDRE implementation because it makes the system non-affine. An alternative is utilizing an integral action technique and an auxiliary control to make the system affine which leads to on–off SDRE approach. It has also been shown that the proposed method is robust against parametric uncertainties of the states. Present study aims to design an energy-beneficial, simple and attractive controller for a complex nonlinear system with on–off inputs and uncertainty in CRTBP. Simulation results show that the on–off SDRE control could provide the formation flight around L2 point with high accuracy using less energy consumption.     

航天器异常与空间环境

本文研究考查了靠近或在地球同步轨道上的ＳＣＡＴＨＡ、ＴＤＲＳ－１卫星以及ＧＰＳ、ＧＯＥＳ卫星组等的各自１０年左右运行时间中,空间环境所导致航天器异常的发生率的年分布特征,月分布特征,地方时分布特征以及不同类型的发生率分布特征。结果表明,由于不同空间环境因素对航天器作用不同,引起异常类型不一样,因此,太阳长周期和短月,地方时周期活动对航天器异常发生率影响无简单的统一规律特征;长周期中的单粒子事件是由     

航天器轨道机动过程中的自主导航方法

典型的航天器自主天文导航方法利用地球敏感器和星敏感器的观测信息,根据轨道动力学模型和测量信息,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法（EKF）估计航天器位置矢量。为了在航天器轨道机动过程中减小滤波器的估计误差,设计了用于航天器自主导航的自适应鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波（AREKF）算法。仿真结果表明,采用AREKF算法能够有效地减小推力不确定性的不利影响,在不增加导航敏感器的前提下改善系统的导航性能,取得优于传统EKF算法和自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波（AEKF）的估计精度。     

连续小推力航天器自主导航及在轨参数标定

以连续小推力航天器为背景,提出了综合考虑星载加速度计和推力器在轨标定的自主导航方案。首先以精确姿态测量和引力梯度模型为标定参考信息源,建立了包含加速度计参数、推力器参数以及光压系数的完整参数测量模型;然后基于天文导航方法建立了自主导航系统状态模型和观测模型;表明各状态和参数的能观性后,采用了具备良好计算效率和鲁棒性的双重无迹卡尔曼滤波方法进行状态和参数联合估计。分析与数值仿真表明,该方法通过结合参数在轨标定直接提高了导航模型精度,在工程应用中具备可行性和有效性。     

小天体着陆动力学参数不确定性影响分析

针对小天体不规则程度高、引力场复杂,且物理参数存在较高不确定性的问题,基于小天体着陆动力学方程线性化近似解析解,对各动力学参数不确定性的影响进行了分析。考虑动力学方程线性化带来的误差,引入线性化误差补偿校正方法,建立了探测器轨迹对动力学参数不确定性的敏感度方程。以小行星Eros 433为例,重点分析了目标小天体质量、自转角速度、引力势函数系数,以及探测器初始状态、推力加速度等动力学参数不确定性对探测器着陆轨迹的影响。数学仿真分析表明,针对本文选取的目标小天体,推力加速度扰动为主要影响因素,探测器初始状态的不确定性为次要影响因素,其他参数扰动的影响较小。