一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于日地月信息的航天器全弧段自主容积卡尔曼滤波导航

高精度全弧段航天器自主导航是航天应用技术的发展方向,是实现航天器在轨任务执行的前提和基础。文章对仅利用日、地、月等天文信息进行航天器全弧段自主导航方法进行了研究。首先,以航天器轨道动力学方程和航天器与日地月之间的夹角信息及地心距作为自主导航系统的状态模型和观测模型,构建了非线性导航系统模型。其次,给出了全弧段自主导航算法,在日月可见弧段采用非线性容积卡尔曼滤波实现航天器自主导航,在星蚀时段利用航天器轨道动力学模型进行高精度轨道预报。最后,给出了数值仿真算例。结果表明,基于日地月天文信息的航天器全弧段自主导航精度保持在2km以内,能够满足其自主导航的要求。     

绳驱动并联机器人张力约束工作空间分析

绳驱动三自由度机器人可以实现空间的自由转动.由于绳索只可拉伸不可压缩的单向特性,研究驱动绳索张力对机器人的控制具有重要意义.运用几何和矩阵的方法可以分析绳索的张力分配情况;在存在张力约束的条件下,提出张力系数作为评价张力分配优劣状况的指标,通过计算可以得到张力系数分布图,从而对机器人工作空间有直观的认识,进而提出有效的张力优化算法;通过对最小预紧力影响因素及选取方法的讨论,可以得到动态最小预紧力实时计算公式,保证绳索时刻处于张紧状态;通过样机的力检测系统张力反馈的实验可以验证理论推导.通过对以上几部分的分析和研究,可以对四绳驱动三自由度机器人的张力问题有综合全面的认识.      

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。     

太空衍射望远镜大型桁架展开过程动力学建模

在太空衍射望远镜桁架展开过程中，各个桁架单元展开锁定的瞬间会引起构件的弹性振动，并对星体与主镜产生较大冲击。在考虑桁架各部件弹性变形的基础上，针对系统拓扑结构和约束条件的变化，对桁架展开与锁定过程建立了变拓扑的柔性多体系统动力学模型并进行了动力学数值分析。当桁架单元锁定时通过在关节处施加强力矩和阻尼来模拟锁定机构的作用。数值仿真结果表明，在锁定瞬时，桁架在纵向呈现大幅度振动，星体与主镜受到的冲击力出现峰值，且每一次峰值有差异，呈现周期性变化，这种现象是由桁架柔性部件的弹性变形引起的。研究结果对太空衍射望远镜结构设计与动力学控制提供了技术参考。     

利于翼型优化设计的超临界翼型参数化方法

为减少超临界翼型优化中的设计变量,消除优化结果的不光顺现象、保证C₂连续,在优化过程中控制翼型几何特性的变化范围,设计出了由4条首尾相接的有理Bézier曲线表示的超临界翼型的翼型参数化方法,该方法对翼型数据的参数化过程中主要运用了Bézier曲线拟合算法与SPSA(Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation)优化算法,并在Bézier曲线拟合算法中使用了有别于常用方法的数据点参数选择方法.将这种超临界翼型参数化方法与优化算法结合便可实现翼型优化设计,其中的设计变量为21个,优化结果不仅光顺且满足C₂条件,通过设定设计变量变化范围便可控制相应的翼型前缘半径、上下弦最高最低点的位置与曲率、尾部契角等几何特征.      

Reevaluation of thermosphere heating by auroral electrons

This paper presents a new calculation of neutral gas heating by precipitating auroral electrons. It is found that the heating rate of the neutral gas is significantly lower than previous determinations below 200 km altitude. The neutral gas heating arises from the many exothermic chemical reactions that take place from the ions and excited species created by the energetic electrons. The calculations show that less than half the energy initially deposited ends up heating the neutral gases. The rest is radiated or lost in the dissociation of O₂ because the O atoms do not recombine in the thermosphere. This paper also presents a new way of calculating the heating rate per ionization that can be used for efficient determination of the overall neutral gas heating for global thermosphere models. The heating rates are relatively insensitive to the neutral atmosphere when plotted against pressure rather than altitude coordinates. At high altitudes, the heating rates are sensitive to the thermal electron density and long-lived species. The calculations were performed with the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) model using a 2-stream auroral electron precipitation model. The heating rate calculations in this paper differ from previous heating rate calculations in the treatment of backscattered electrons to produce better agreement with observed flux spectra. This paper shows that more realistic model auroral electron spectra can be obtained by reflecting the up going flux back to the ionosphere at the upper boundary of the model. In this case, the neutral gas heating rates are 20%–25% higher than when the backscattered flux escapes from the ionosphere.     

转台中心轴线标定误差分析与修正

提出一种标定球和几何变换相结合的方法修正三维激光数字化系统中转台中心轴线的标定误差.该方法首先用8个不同旋转位置的标定球球心计算转台中心轴线,然后利用几何变换将不同位置的球心绕转台中心轴线旋转到零度位置,并计算与初始位置球心的偏差,依据不同位置球心旋转复位的偏差采用几何逆变换推导出转轴偏心的修正公式.在自行设计的三维激光线扫描测量平台上数据旋转拼合精度提高到0.07?mm,实现了多视旋转测量的数据点云在线自动拼合.与以前的方法相比,设计的转轴标定误差修正方法简单、高效,在其它安装转台的测量系统中同样适用.     

基于激光测距的飞艇净重在线计算方法研究

通过对三维建模软件CATIA中的飞艇副气囊模型进行切片分割,获得了不同副气囊高度下的对应体积值,使用最小二乘法建立了副气囊中心点高度与副气囊体积的三次曲线拟合公式,采用相位式激光测距仪对副气囊中心高度测量,使用该公式可以估算出副气囊的实时体积大小,从而推算飞艇净重大小,掌握飞艇的压力高度和起降能力。使用某次飞行试验对副气囊高度测量的数据计算出的飞艇净重值,与多次地面称重数据一致性较好,验证了使用激光测距仪对大型飞艇净重进行在线评估的可行性,并使用该方法对某飞艇某次飞行试验过程中的净重进行了分析,对飞艇的压力高度进行了核算。     

Sensor calibration impacts on dust detection based on MODIS and VIIRS thermal emissive bands

Dust detection using remotely sensed measurements has been one of the challenging problems encountered by atmospheric scientists. MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra (T) and Aqua (A) platforms have been a versatile sensor for well over 21 and 18 years respectively, and have been extremely useful in the retrieval of aerosol information over the entire globe. The MODIS radiances from the Level 1B in general are expected to be within 5% accuracy in the reflective wavelengths and within 1% in the thermal emissive wavelengths. In this paper, we evaluate the sensitivity of previously developed dust detection technique based on thermal emissive wavelengths, which correspond to MODIS bands 20, 29, 31, and 32 respectively. The Thermal Emissive Dust Index (TEDI) performed very comparably to the traditional Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) retrievals by MODIS reflective channels. Since the MODIS Thermal Emissive Bands (TEB) are well calibrated on-orbit using a BlackBody (BB) source, the calibration of these long wave infrared bands is quite robust. As A-MODIS continues to perform well beyond its designed lifetime of 6 years, the instrument has undergone various levels of degradation during its mission time. As a consequence, it is imperative to check the impacts of calibration on the higher-level retrievals. In this paper, we rigorously analyze the sensitivity of TEDI due to the impact of calibration by the afore-mentioned TEB. The perturbation of the dominant (linear) calibration term demonstrated the following: first, there was a correlation in the sensitivity of the TEDI due to the uncertainty in the linear calibration term. Based on a perturbation in the linear calibration term for all aforementioned bands over a range of ±5% yielded the TEDI sensitivity to vary from approximately ?3.2% to about ?3.6%. When considering the uncertainty in each individual band significant changes were observed. The least change was observed for the perturbation in the calibration of band 20 with the TEDI sensitivity and the largest sensitivity in TEDI was observed in the perturbation of band 31 calibration. Thus, in the case of TEDI, noticeable sensitivity due to calibration uncertainty was observed in bands 29, 31, and 32, reiterating the importance of the TEB calibration in these bands. Also, the dust detection scheme based on A-MODIS was successfully transferred to the follow-on sensors such as Suomi (SNPP) and NOAA 20 (N20) VIIRS. The results presented in this paper would be extremely helpful in understanding impacts of calibration on the higher-level products for both current and future missions based on the MODIS heritage. Finally, the work also identifies the importance of radiometric fidelity in maintaining the accuracy of the dust detection. Results presented will show drastic improvement of the Saharan dust detection after the reduction of the electronic crosstalk in the 8.5 µm channel of T-MODIS.     

Unsteady drag measurements for flow over a circular disk

对垂直于来流方向的圆盘进行非定常测力实验,研究上游二维干扰圆杆和圆盘绕流雷诺数(雷诺数范围为0.44×10⁵~2.74×10⁵)对圆盘阻力及其脉动特性的影响.实验结果表明,无论有无上游干扰,圆盘平均阻力系数均不随雷诺数改变.上游干扰圆杆在降低圆盘阻力系数的同时,使圆盘阻力脉动量增大,而且当圆盘绕流雷诺数大于1.84×10⁵时阻力脉动量的增幅将随雷诺数的加大而迅速增加.对圆盘阻力的频谱分析表明,在圆盘上游无干扰时,圆盘绕流形成的螺旋状涡引起的非轴对称波动频率(斯特劳哈尔数为0.135)为阻力脉动的主频.     

Generic procedure for designing and implementing plan management systems for space science missions operations

This paper is one of the components of a larger framework of activities whose purpose is to improve the performance and productivity of space mission systems, i.e. to increase both what can be achieved and the cost effectiveness of this achievement. Some of these activities introduced the concept of Functional Architecture Module (FAM); FAMs are basic blocks used to build the functional architecture of Plan Management Systems (PMS). They also highlighted the need to involve Science Operations Planning Expertise (SOPE) during the Mission Design Phase (MDP) in order to design and implement efficiently operation planning systems. We define SOPE as the expertise held by people who have both theoretical and practical experience in operations planning, in general, and in space science operations planning in particular. Using ESA’s methodology for studying and selecting science missions we also define the MDP as the combination of the Mission Assessment and Mission Definition Phases. However, there is no generic procedure on how to use FAMs efficiently and systematically, for each new mission, in order to analyse the cost and feasibility of new missions as well as to optimise the functional design of new PMS; the purpose of such a procedure is to build more rapidly and cheaply such PMS as well as to make the latter more reliable and cheaper to run. This is why the purpose of this paper is to provide an embryo of such a generic procedure and to show that the latter needs to be applied by people with SOPE during the MDP. The procedure described here proposes some initial guidelines to identify both the various possible high level functional scenarii, for a given set of possible requirements, and the information that needs to be associated with each scenario. It also introduces the concept of catalogue of generic functional scenarii of PMS for space science missions. The information associated with each catalogued scenarii will have been identified by the above procedure and will be relevant only for some specific mission requirements. In other words, each mission that shares the same type of requirements that lead to a list of specific catalogued scenarii can use this latter list of scenarii (regardless of whether the mission is a plasma, planetary, astronomy, etc. mission). The main advantages of such a catalogue are that it speeds-up the execution of the procedure and makes the latter more reliable. Ultimately, the information associated to each relevant scenario (from the catalogue or freshly generated by the procedure) will then be used by mission designers to make informed decisions, including the modification of the mission requirements, for any missions. In addition, to illustrate the use of such a procedure, the latter is applied to a case study, i.e. the Cross-Scale mission. One of the outcomes of this study is an initial set of generic functional scenarii. Finally, although border line with the above purpose of this paper, we also discuss multi-spacecraft specific issues and issues related to the on-board execution of the plan update system (PUS). In particular, we show that the operation planning cost of N spacecraft is not equal to N times the cost of 1 spacecraft and that on-board non-synchronised operation will not require inter-spacecraft communication. We also believe that on-board PUS should be made possible for all missions as a standard.     

塞式喷管性能损失分析

影响塞式喷管性能的因素是多方面的,为了明确各种损失对其的影响程度,根据塞式喷管的工作特点,通过建立的塞锥壁面压力分布的简化模型,初步分析了这些因素,比如摩擦损失、化学非平衡损失、截短损失和底部损失等.结果表明,由于塞锥长度的截短所引起的截短损失和底部损失是影响塞式喷管性能的主要因素.为了减小由此所带来的性能损失,应通过实验和数值模拟的方法着重研究气流在塞锥上和底部的流动特征,并且在设计的过程中应该考虑这些因素,以降低其对性能的影响.     

火箭阀门动作量化检测方案设计及试验验证

阀门是运载火箭动力系统关键单机，用于推进剂的加注泄出、贮箱排气、承压安全、贮箱增测压等，实现阀门动作检测对确保阀门正常工作具有重要意义。宇航技术的发展对阀门动作检测提出了更高要求，目前，在飞火箭不能定量判断阀门的关闭程度及密封情况，为此，设计了一种动作可量化检测的阀门结构，并进行了工艺件试验和验证试验，结果表明提出的方案可实现阀门动作量化检测。     

电动伺服舵系统动力学建模及颤振分析

舵机动力学对舵系统颤振有最直接影响,其动力学模型的准确建立是颤振分析的关键。以某电动伺服舵系统为对象,分别建立了电机、减速器及控制回路模型。基于其地面振动试验（GVT）数据特征,考虑了减速器中零部件间隙及滚珠丝杠间接触刚度2类非线性因素。动力学仿真结果复现了试验现象,证明了接触刚度和间隙对该伺服舵系统动力学特征的主导作用。在颤振分析中,对比了接触刚度和常数刚度2种假设下,舵机在不同阶跃角指令下的舵偏角响应。发现常数刚度下舵系统仅存在极限环（LCO）和失稳2个域,临界速度不会随间隙大小而变化;而接触刚度下存在稳定、LCO和失稳3个域,且相同风速下,其临界指令角较常数刚度假设更高,但其临界速度却会随间隙增大而减小,甚至小于常数刚度假设,应引起足够重视。      

构架式可展开天线自由度与奇异性分析

针对以四面体为基本单元的构架式空间可展开天线,基于螺旋理论分析了多环耦合机构3RR-3RRR基本单元及多单元组网的自由度,降低分析此构架单元过约束与奇异性的复杂性。首先,根据螺旋理论能同时表示运动副轴线的位置和运动副类型的特点,建立了3RR-3RRR单元各铰链的运动螺旋并求解出单元过约束数;其次,运用修正的Kutzbach-Grübler公式求解出此单元的自由度,并分析出在特殊位形下的奇异性和瞬时性;最后,多单元组网成一个复杂耦合机构,采用等效构型的方法简化组网结构可得此天线反射器收展所需自由度,再通过计算各花盘的相对间距来验证构架可展开天线的收展协调性。研究表明构架式天线反射器3RR-3RRR四面体单元为单自由度机构且含有4个过约束,便于机构的展开控制,在同步杆铰链处于特殊位形下有约束奇异。组网后反射器桁架系统是单自由度机构,机构在单驱动运动过程中可展开完全,实现构架可展开天线各杆件在工作时运动协调,在空间机构领域具有良好的应用性。     

考虑FDR的测试性测定试验及其相关方法

针对装备研制过程中,缺乏试验手段测定产品测试性水平,确定其与规定要求间的差距的情况,界定了测试性试验和测试性测定试验的概念,在仅考虑测定故障检测率(FDR,Fault Detection Rate)的情况下,研究给出了基于功能相关特征矩阵和重要度特征的故障特征建模方法,构建了二元组故障特征模型,用于测定FDR试验的试验样本选取.在该种试验样本选取方法中,为了减少进行故障注入试验时,注入不同故障样本的工作量和复杂度,充分考虑了试验样本间的等效关系,定义了等价集合和等效样本的概念,并在此基础上给出了考虑等效样本存在的试验结果评估方法.该研究在某型导弹飞控系统中取得了很好的应用.      

星载相机地面电性能测试系统的设计与实现

根据新型相机结构复杂、载荷多的特点，针对性地设计并实现了一种新型星载相机的电性能地面测试系统。分析并总结了地面测试系统的设计需求，并且针对新型相机测试的全面性要求，设计并实现了整星和多种载荷的模拟接口；针对新型相机测试的可靠性要求，提出了冗余网络切换的测试系统设计方法并解决了数据库访问冲突的问题；针对新型相机测试的安全性要求，提出了针对冗余链路的测试方法和错误注入的测试方法。该系统已经成功配合完成了某高轨型号星载相机的研制，并交付使用。试验证明测试系统功能全面稳定，连续测试72h误码率为0，能够满足新型相机全面性、可靠性、安全性的测试需求。     

空间可展开薄膜遮光罩设计与分析

对于觅音计划的光学系统而言，太阳光是其杂散光的首要来源，是影响成像质量的重要因素。通过将仿生技术和折纸理论相结合，完成光学系统的遮光罩设计。依据花朵开放过程，获取遮光罩的拓扑构型，完成遮光罩折展设计，并根据光学系统任务需求，优化遮光罩拓扑构型。采用底面为正六边形的拓扑构型时，遮光罩的折展比为8，且折叠后的包络空间和卫星星体所占用的空间相重合，能够更好地利用空间。选用两层薄膜作为遮光结构，一方面提高了遮光性能，另一方面遮光罩本身具有一定的隔热功能，更好地保护了光学系统。最后通过ABAQUS仿真模拟薄膜的展开过程，并进行应力水平分析。结果表明，遮光罩薄膜展开过程顺利，展开后最大应力为40.63MPa，满足聚酰亚胺薄膜材料的使用要求。