MIDACO software performance on interplanetary trajectory benchmarks

A numerical study of the MIDACO optimization software on the well known GTOP benchmark set, published by the European Space Agency (ESA), is presented. The GTOP database provides trajectory models of real-world interplanetary space missions such as Cassini, Messenger or Rosetta. The trajectory models are formulated as constrained nonlinear optimization problems and are known to be difficult to solve.     

基于高斯伪谱法的火星表面上升燃耗最优轨迹设计

火星上升器的设计与其轨迹设计紧密相关,而现有方法大都将MAV(Mars Ascent Vehicle)的分级优化和轨迹优化解耦计算,其计算效率低且鲁棒性较差。提出了一种基于高斯伪谱法的两级MAV分级与轨迹耦合多阶段优化算法,它以MAV的发射总质量最小为目标函数,并考虑了MAV设计约束、MAV的质量模型约束、轨迹的路径约束和控制约束等限制条件。利用该方法可以同时求得发射总质量最小的两级MAV分级参数和一条燃耗最优的上升轨迹,解决了由于不合理的两级MAV分级设计导致的轨迹优化算法无法收敛的问题。数值仿真结果表明该方法具有较快的收敛速度,且对初值选取的敏感度较小、具有较强的鲁棒性。     

一种求非线性规划全局最小解的算法

在评述了近２０年来发展的全局最优化方法之后，提出了一种求解全局最优化问题的算法，即从一个求得的局部最小解点出发，去解一个最大化问题，这个最大化问题是构造一个辅助函数去寻求一个更好的局部最优解，这样就产生一个局部最小解序列，得后得到全局最小解，另外还有了全局收敛性定理，也给出了数值例子。     

Optimal solar sail trajectory approximation with finite Fourier series

The heliocentric transfer of a solar sail-based spacecraft is usually studied from an optimal perspective, by looking for the control law that minimizes the total flight time. The optimal control problem can be solved either with an indirect approach, whose solution is difficult to obtain due to its sensitivity to an initial guess of the costates, or with a direct method, which requires a good estimate of a feasible (guess) trajectory. This work presents a procedure to generate an approximate optimal trajectory through a finite Fourier series. The minimum time problem is solved using a nonlinear programming solver, in which the optimization parameters are the coefficients of the Fourier series and the positions of the spacecraft along the initial and target orbits. Suitable constraints are enforced on the direction and magnitude of the sail propulsive acceleration vector in order to obtain feasible solutions. A comparison with the numerical results from an indirect approach shows that the proposed method provides a good approximation of the optimal trajectory with a small computational effort.     

区间多目标线性优化的功效系数求解方法

针对工程领域中普遍存在的具有不确定参数的多目标优化问题,提出了一种基于功效系数的区间优化模型及求解方法.通过引入增补变量,将含有区间参数的目标函数化为参数确定的形式.建立以功效系数为基础的评价函数,将原多目标优化问题转化为单目标优化问题,然后分别在区间约束条件的最好情况和最差情况下求解,得到设计变量的最优解区间和目标函数的最优值区间.通过工程算例,与传统概率方法的优化结果相比较,验证了所提出优化模型及方法的有效性.     

空间小推力轨道最优Bang-Bang控制的两类延拓解法综述

介绍了空间小推力轨道优化问题中的最优Bang-Bang控制问题,对两类延拓解法给出了描述:第一类解法首先求解能量最优解,然后采用能量–燃耗同伦得到最优Bang-Bang控制;第二类解法引入推力开关切换准则,以双脉冲解作为初解,通过参数延拓得到最优Bang-Bang控制。对两类延拓解法进行了比较,指出了各自的优势与特点。对延拓方法应用于求解更加复杂的小推力轨道设计问题进行了展望,提出了包含初解、延拓与拼接三要素的人工智能轨道优化概念。     

全电推进卫星轨道优化的推力同伦解法

全电推进卫星的入轨过程是一个典型的多圈小推力轨道优化问题，由于其推力器加速度小，变轨圈数多，造成其最优理论解的求解较困难。为解决该问题，利用最优控制理论建立了全电推进卫星变轨优化的间接法模型，将变轨优化问题转化为协态变量初值猜测的两点边值问题。从大推力问题开始，通过遗传算法获得大范围猜测值并结合系列二次规划方法获得大推力的精确解。采用推力同伦思想，使用逐渐缩小推力的方式完成小推力问题的求解。仿真算例表明，采用推力同伦的方法，通过数十次的推力缩减即可有效解决多达上百圈变轨的静止轨道全电推进卫星入轨优化问题。     

电磁航天器编队动力学建模与运动规划方法

基于电磁航天器作用原理,利用拉格朗日方法,建立电磁航天器“绳系”动力学模型.基于偏差线性化动力学模型,以切向、径向编队为例,分析编队构型保持稳定性,设计构型保持控制律;将双星电磁航天器编队(EMFF,Electromagnetic Formation Flight)重构运动规划问题转化为标准优化问题,利用高斯伪谱优化方法进行求解.并提出序列控制策略,将该双星模型扩展应用于多星电磁编队构型重构问题,转化为多阶段运动规划问题利用多阶段优化方法进行求解.仿真结果表明本文的动力学建模方法和控制方法是可行的.      

A faster optimization method based on support vector regression for aerodynamic problems

In this paper, a new strategy for optimal design of complex aerodynamic configuration with a reasonable low computational effort is proposed. In order to solve the formulated aerodynamic optimization problem with heavy computation complexity, two steps are taken: (1) a sequential approximation method based on support vector regression (SVR) and hybrid cross validation strategy, is proposed to predict aerodynamic coefficients, and thus approximates the objective function and constraint conditions of the originally formulated optimization problem with given limited sample points; (2) a sequential optimization algorithm is proposed to ensure the obtained optimal solution by solving the approximation optimization problem in step (1) is very close to the optimal solution of the originally formulated optimization problem. In the end, we adopt a complex aerodynamic design problem, that is optimal aerodynamic design of a flight vehicle with grid fins, to demonstrate our proposed optimization methods, and numerical results show that better results can be obtained with a significantly lower computational effort than using classical optimization techniques.     

一种求解函数全局优化问题的正交方向法

提出了一种求解函数全局优化问题的正交方向法.该方法通过前三轮大范围的正交设计寻找全局最优解的大体位置,然后通过若干轮小范围的正交设计进行最优解的精确逼近.每一轮正交设计中,探索设计空间的试验点依据正交表围绕一个中心点产生,设计变量的取值范围逐渐减小.而在每一轮正交设计后,采用一维搜索提高搜索精度.一维搜索的方向由每轮正交设计的中心点和最好(或最坏)点决定. 该算法计算量较小且易于编程.采用两个数学优化问题和一个火箭动力、水平发射的单级入轨飞行器的弹道优化问题对算法进行了测试.这些算例表明,当目标函数的极值数少于正交表提供的试验方案数时,正交方向法常常能以较小的计算量获得全局最优解.     

复杂系统的可靠性分配和优化

在考虑成本的基础上,通过建立一种实用的成本-可靠度函数和非线性规划模型,将对组件的可靠性最优分配的问题转化为对非线性规划问题的求解,从而为复杂系统可靠性的最优化问题提出了一种新的方法.对于非线性规划问题,为获得具有实际意义的数值解,提出了一种具有自适应的改进型遗传算法,对非线性规划问题求解,解决了更复杂结构系统可靠性分配的优化问题.      

可重复使用运载器再入轨迹次实时优化

新一代可重复使用运载器RLV(Reusable Launch Vehicle)再入时应具备自主导航的能力,其实现的关键是用机载计算机近实时或实时地生成一条满足各种约束条件的再入轨迹.根据RLV再入的特点,引入了新的假设,对再入轨迹方程进行简化处理,优化难度降低,工作量减少.另外引入次优化轨迹的概念,对控制量(迎角和滚转角)的优化分两步进行,每步只对当中一个控制量进行优化.这样处理能在很大程度上加快算法的收敛速度.仿真结果表明,只需10s左右的时间就能产生一条满足终端约束条件、控制量约束条件和加热率约束条件的次优化轨迹.其结果具有较好的工程应用价值.      

Optimal trajectory planning of free-floating space manipulator using differential evolution algorithm

The existence of the path dependent dynamic singularities limits the volume of available workspace of free-floating space robot and induces enormous joint velocities when such singularities are met. In order to overcome this demerit, this paper presents an optimal joint trajectory planning method using forward kinematics equations of free-floating space robot, while joint motion laws are delineated with application of the concept of reaction null-space. Bézier curve, in conjunction with the null-space column vectors, are applied to describe the joint trajectories. Considering the forward kinematics equations of the free-floating space robot, the trajectory planning issue is consequently transferred to an optimization issue while the control points to construct the Bézier curve are the design variables. A constrained differential evolution (DE) scheme with premature handling strategy is implemented to find the optimal solution of the design variables while specific objectives and imposed constraints are satisfied. Differ from traditional methods, we synthesize null-space and specialized curve to provide a novel viewpoint for trajectory planning of free-floating space robot. Simulation results are presented for trajectory planning of 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) kinematically redundant manipulator mounted on a free-floating spacecraft and demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

微小型无人直升机避障最优轨迹规划

针对无人直升机在低空复杂环境下避障飞行问题,提出了一种基于非线性最优控制理论的求解策略.以避障机动飞行时间为优化目标,无人直升机六自由度非线性动力学方程为等式约束,直升机飞行性能限制以及三维空间中障碍物限制等因素为不等式约束,建立了避障机动飞行的最优控制模型.然后利用高斯伪谱法（GPM,Gauss Pseudospectral Method）将轨迹规划问题转化为非线性规划（NLP,Non-Linear Programming）问题,并采用序列二次规划算法进行求解.在此基础上研究了障碍物尺寸对最优轨迹的影响.计算结果表明,该方法能够以较高的精度生成真实可行的避障飞行轨迹,最优机动动作取决于障碍物纵横向尺寸比.      

跨音速翼型的气动最优化设计方法

将计算流体动力学(CFD)与最优化技术相结合,通过数值求解欧拉方程,对翼型绕流流场作出了数值模拟.再利用几何、流动和最优化控制方程,反复迭代求得在一定约束条件下气动性能最优的翼型.本文以NACA0012为原始翼型,选取两种设计工况,都取得了满意的结果.     

高超声速再入滑翔飞行器多约束轨迹快速优化

为适应高超声速再入滑翔飞行器高动态、多约束的特点,提出了一种快速轨迹优化方法.轨迹优化时将倾侧角控制曲线表示为飞行器能量参数的分段线性函数,从而使纵向轨迹优化问题转化为多维非线性规划问题,并采用序列二次规划(SQP,Sequential Quadratic Programming)方法进行优化求解.横侧向轨迹控制采用偏航角跟踪视线角的方法,设计了视线角误差走廊边界随速度变化的取值,研究了倾侧角反转策略,避免了传统优化中求解倾侧角反转时刻所需的迭代运算.仿真结果表明:该轨迹优化方法在一般高性能微机上生成一条约10 000 km左右的飞行轨迹耗时约5 s,具有较快的优化速度,且精度较高,有一定的工程应用价值 .