Hypersonic vehicle aerodynamic design using modified sequential approximate optimization

Hypersonic vehicles are receiving increased attention within the aerospace community due to their high cruise speed and long-range capabilities. In this paper, a modified Sequential Approximate Optimization method is proposed for an optimized aerodynamic design of a hypersonic vehicle. As part of this approach, a constrained experimental design method is developed to handle the constraints more efficiently. A radial basis function is used to surrogate time-consuming CFD analysis. An efficient and more robust numerical mesh morphing scheme for the hypersonic vehicle is developed for the generation of high-quality meshes. Within this paper, a novel adaptive infilling strategy is proposed which uses an inaccurate search technique coupled with an elite archive. This allows the location of a more promising sample region and hence improves the surrogate accuracy, thereby further enhancing the optimization efficiency. A hypersonic vehicle aerodynamic design problem is solved using the proposed approach and satisfactory results are obtained at much lower computational costs. The lift-to-drag ratio is increased by 23.8% when compared with the base configuration while also satisfying the volume and lift constraints. The pressure and Mach contours have been compared with those of the base configuration and the results demonstrate the strength of the optimized configuration. The modified sequential approximate optimization for designing an improved hypersonic vehicle is worth referencing in future work.     

Reliability-based trajectory optimization using nonintrusive polynomial chaos for Mars entry mission

This paper presents the reliability-based sequential optimization (RBSO) method to settle the trajectory optimization problem with parametric uncertainties in entry dynamics for Mars entry mission. First, the deterministic entry trajectory optimization model is reviewed, and then the reliability-based optimization model is formulated. In addition, the modified sequential optimization method, in which the nonintrusive polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method and the most probable point (MPP) searching method are employed, is proposed to solve the reliability-based optimization problem efficiently. The nonintrusive PCE method contributes to the transformation between the stochastic optimization (SO) and the deterministic optimization (DO) and to the approximation of trajectory solution efficiently. The MPP method, which is used for assessing the reliability of constraints satisfaction only up to the necessary level, is employed to further improve the computational efficiency. The cycle including SO, reliability assessment and constraints update is repeated in the RBSO until the reliability requirements of constraints satisfaction are satisfied. Finally, the RBSO is compared with the traditional DO and the traditional sequential optimization based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation in a specific Mars entry mission to demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method.     

Optimal solar sail trajectory approximation with finite Fourier series

The heliocentric transfer of a solar sail-based spacecraft is usually studied from an optimal perspective, by looking for the control law that minimizes the total flight time. The optimal control problem can be solved either with an indirect approach, whose solution is difficult to obtain due to its sensitivity to an initial guess of the costates, or with a direct method, which requires a good estimate of a feasible (guess) trajectory. This work presents a procedure to generate an approximate optimal trajectory through a finite Fourier series. The minimum time problem is solved using a nonlinear programming solver, in which the optimization parameters are the coefficients of the Fourier series and the positions of the spacecraft along the initial and target orbits. Suitable constraints are enforced on the direction and magnitude of the sail propulsive acceleration vector in order to obtain feasible solutions. A comparison with the numerical results from an indirect approach shows that the proposed method provides a good approximation of the optimal trajectory with a small computational effort.     

基于包络函数和二级近似概念的结构优化方法

利用包络函数、二级近似概念和对偶理论,提出了一种结构优化的有效解法.首先,利用包络函数将原多约束结构优化问题转化为单约束优化问题,再利用本文提出的新的两点近似函数构成高精度近似问题,继而用二级近似求解策略和对偶理论求解.理论与算例皆表明本方法的主要优点是其通用性和高的计算效率,这对于工程中的具有复杂函数的大型优化问题特别重要.     

面向扑翼翼面运动参数的优化设计

扑翼机的飞行依赖于扑翼翼面的运动,经过优化的运动策略能够使特定翼面发挥最佳的气动性能。然而目前扑翼机设计中缺乏有效的运动参数优化方法,无法针对给定机翼确定一组最优运动参数。采用非定常涡格法（UVLM）计算扑翼气动力,与现有的实验数据进行对比,验证了气动力计算方法的准确性。基于DIRECT（矩形分割）全局优化算法,以最大化推进效率为特定优化目标,对扑翼运动参数进行了迭代优化。结果表明,通过该优化算法能够得到最优扑翼运动参数,有效提高特定气动性能;应用优化算法计算得到的平均推力与基准运动的平均推力相比,在数值上有1.04倍的提高。在设计过程中,降低气动力约束有利于扑翼运动优化,使给定扑翼翼面具有更大的推进效率,无气动力约束的最大推进效率与基准运动的推进效率相比提高了46.8%。      

基于高斯伪谱法的空天飞机上升段最优轨迹设计

针对复杂多约束条件下空天飞机上升段燃料最优轨迹优化问题,提出一种基于高斯伪谱法的上升段轨迹优化策略.依据发动机的推力特性将上升轨迹合理分段,使原最优控制问题转化为多段最优控制问题后,采用高斯伪谱法进行并行优化计算.数值仿真结果表明采用这种轨迹优化策略能够满足组合动力系统工作模态转换时对飞行状态的约束条件,可以在较短的时间内完成高精度的上升段轨迹优化任务,从而验证了该方法的有效性.     

空天飞机再入轨迹的变精度序列优化方法

为提高空天飞机再入轨迹优化方法的稳健性和精度,提出一种变精度序列优化方法。优化计算过程分为3个步骤：首先进行预优化,即在粗离散情况下,应用混合优化方法进行轨迹优化,获得各时间点设计变量的最优解;然后对预优化的结果进行一元全区间插值处理,获得细离散情况下设计变量的初值;最后进行精细优化,获得精度更高的计算结果。算例结果表明,变精度序列优化方法能稳健地求解空天飞机再入轨迹优化问题,并能以较少的计算量获得满足精度要求的优化结果。     

旋翼翼型高维多目标气动优化设计

先进旋翼翼型设计是典型的多设计点、多目标优化问题,常规优化方法已无法满足翼型高维多目标优化设计的要求。基于分解的多目标优化算法（MOEA/D）,建立了考虑高低速升阻特性、力矩特性、阻力发散特性等的旋翼翼型高维多目标优化设计方法,并采用高精度kriging模型以提高优化设计效率。针对旋翼内段、中段翼型进行了5个设计目标的全局优化设计,采用自组织图映射（SOM）方法对最优Pareto解集进行了聚类分析。典型翼型CFD结果分析表明,中段翼型低速力矩系数幅值减小约50.7%,高速最大升力系数提高约6.5%,最大升阻比提高约7.7%,同时阻力发散特性得到改善,内段翼型同样取得了良好的多目标优化效果。研究表明,MOEA/D算法对高维多目标气动优化设计问题具有很好的适应性,能有效提升旋翼高低速气动性能设计的能力。      

基于高斯伪谱法的火星表面上升燃耗最优轨迹设计

火星上升器的设计与其轨迹设计紧密相关,而现有方法大都将MAV(Mars Ascent Vehicle)的分级优化和轨迹优化解耦计算,其计算效率低且鲁棒性较差。提出了一种基于高斯伪谱法的两级MAV分级与轨迹耦合多阶段优化算法,它以MAV的发射总质量最小为目标函数,并考虑了MAV设计约束、MAV的质量模型约束、轨迹的路径约束和控制约束等限制条件。利用该方法可以同时求得发射总质量最小的两级MAV分级参数和一条燃耗最优的上升轨迹,解决了由于不合理的两级MAV分级设计导致的轨迹优化算法无法收敛的问题。数值仿真结果表明该方法具有较快的收敛速度,且对初值选取的敏感度较小、具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于动态指标的飞机方案多目标优化方法

为提高飞机方案多目标优化过程中最优解的搜索效率,对多目标方案的比较评价方法及其在优化中的应用进行了研究.提出了可用于多目标方案对比评价的基准指标,并建立了利用新生成方案的目标值对基准指标进行动态更新的动态指标.通过采用动态指标构造适应度函数改进了多目标遗传算法,进行的双目标优化算例表明,改进的算法能够获得更优的Pareto前沿.采用改进的多目标优化方法对一种轻型战斗机概念方案进行了优化设计,设置了重量、气动、隐身等4个优化目标,优化结果验证了基于动态指标改进的多目标遗传算法在飞机概念方案设计优化中的有效性.      

基于自适应伪谱法的升力式飞行器火星进入段快速轨迹优化

针对升力式火星飞行器定点着陆任务的轨迹优化问题，给出了基于自适应伪谱法的快速优化算法.综合考虑探测器火星大气进入过程中的动力学约束、边界约束、路径约束以及控制约束条件，利用自适应伪谱法将轨迹优化问题转换为离散的非线性规划问题，采用序列二次规划算法进行求解，得到性能指标最优的进入轨迹.通过仿真验证，给出了实现火星进入过程燃料消耗最优的状态量和控制量轨迹.仿真结果表明，在Matlab中采用自适应伪谱法，能够在800s内采用267个配点，给出近似精度为10-6的火星进入过程中消耗能量最优的参考轨迹.      

A lunar cargo mission design strategy using variable low thrust

A design technique for a near optimal, Earth–Moon transfer trajectory using continuous variable low thrust is proposed. For the Earth–Moon transfer trajectory, analytical and numerical methods are combined to formulate the trajectory optimization problem. The basic concept of the proposed technique is to utilize analytically optimized solutions when the spacecraft is flying near a central body where the transfer trajectories are nearly circular shaped, and to use a numerical optimization method to match the spacecraft’s states to establish a final near optimal trajectory. The plasma thruster is considered as the main propulsion system which is currently being developed for crewed/cargo missions for interplanetary flight. The gravitational effects of the 3rd body and geopotential effects are included during the trajectory optimization process. With the proposed design technique, Earth–Moon transfer trajectory is successfully designed with the plasma thruster having a thrust direction sequence of “fixed-varied-fixed” and a thrust acceleration sequence of “constant-variable-constant”. As this strategy has the characteristics of a lesser computational load, little sensitivity to initial conditions, and obtaining solutions quickly, this method can be utilized in the initial scoping studies for mission design and analysis. Additionally, derived near optimal trajectory solution can be used as for initial trajectory solution for further detailed optimization problem. The demonstrated results will give various insights into future lunar cargo trajectories using plasma thrusters with continuous variable low thrust, establishing approximate costs as well as trajectory characteristics.     

微小型无人直升机避障最优轨迹规划

针对无人直升机在低空复杂环境下避障飞行问题,提出了一种基于非线性最优控制理论的求解策略.以避障机动飞行时间为优化目标,无人直升机六自由度非线性动力学方程为等式约束,直升机飞行性能限制以及三维空间中障碍物限制等因素为不等式约束,建立了避障机动飞行的最优控制模型.然后利用高斯伪谱法（GPM,Gauss Pseudospectral Method）将轨迹规划问题转化为非线性规划（NLP,Non-Linear Programming）问题,并采用序列二次规划算法进行求解.在此基础上研究了障碍物尺寸对最优轨迹的影响.计算结果表明,该方法能够以较高的精度生成真实可行的避障飞行轨迹,最优机动动作取决于障碍物纵横向尺寸比.      

面向狭小空间的起落架收放轨迹智能设计方法

扁平化气动外形是高超声速飞行器获得较高升阻比的优先布局，但该外形严重约束了起落架的收藏空间，常规机构很难满足要求，只能采用复杂机构的三维运动实现起落架的窄空间收放。然而，当前主流的计算机辅助设计迭代试凑法在解决空间机构设计问题方面非常依赖工程经验，耗时耗力且很难得到最优结果。为解决这一问题，创新性地提出基于智能优化算法的起落架复杂机构自主设计方法。首先，分析并建立起落架收放机构的运动学理论模型；然后，建立起落架结构间距离描述及碰撞检测模型，并运用深度神经网络自主设计起落架收放机构的最优运动轨迹；最后，以某狭窄舱段的起落架收放策略设计为例，应用该设计方法进行设计。结果表明:所提设计方法可以快速得到最优的起落架收放机构设计方案，可用于指导高超声速飞行器起落架收放机构的设计。      

升力体飞行器能量近似最优倾斜转弯飞行策略

升力体飞行器返回地球大气层内时受到热流、动压及过载等约束条件,为使得飞行器在倾斜转弯飞行过程中能量损失最小,需要研究一种能量最优的倾斜转弯机动飞行策略。本文的主要研究内容包括:从再入动力学模型出发,分析了升力体飞行器倾斜转弯的弹道特性,推导了终端速度与倾斜转弯幅度相关的解析解,提出了一种多约束条件下能量近似最优的倾斜转弯飞行策略;为进一步验证飞行策略的能量近似最优性,建立了能量最优的非线性轨迹优化模型,通过高斯伪谱法进行求解,获得能量最优的飞行轨迹。仿真结果表明,该飞行策略与优化方法获得的结果高度一致,并且该方法求解效率更高,工程应用性更强。      

月球精确软着陆最优标称轨迹在轨制导方法

为实现在月球表面期望的着陆点进行精确软着陆（PPL）,且满足燃耗最优性要求,基于提出的LIDAR目标点在轨自主选定的月球精确软着陆方案,对月球PPL最优标称轨迹在轨快速规划制导方法进行研究。首先针对月球PPL三维球体非线性轨道动力学模型,采用Legendre Gauss Lobatto伪光谱方法将轨迹优化的最优控制问题转化为非线性规划问题（NLP）,再利用SQP优化算法求解月球PPL最优标称轨迹,最后通过遗传算法对优化结果进行验证,并提出应用遗传算法提供SQP在轨规划初值数据库的方案。仿真结果表明了最优标称轨迹在轨规划方法的快速性和有效性。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器多参数灵敏度分析

为实现吸气式高超声速飞行器多参数情况下的灵敏度分析及参数分类,降低设计的复杂度,在吸气式高超声速飞行器参数化建模的基础上,首先采用正交试验设计生成样本,再通过计算流体力学(CFD)进行高精度气动力性能计算,最后运用方差分析法进行气动性能的参数灵敏度分析,在运用较少的试验样本点的情况下,即可完成多参数、复杂构型条件下气动性能的参数灵敏度分析。结果表明,该方法可以正确地分析出参数对飞行器气动性能的敏感程度,得到参数对气动性能的影响规律。同时,通过灵敏度分析的计算样本,还可以初步选出气动性能较优的飞行器构型,为地面试验和优化设计提供参考。     

多级固体运载火箭分级多学科设计优化

为了解决固体运载火箭总体优化过程中学科耦合性强、计算复杂、设计效率低等问题,建立了多级固体运载火箭的几何外形、质量、气动、推进、弹道/制导等学科模型,将多级运载火箭分成若干个子级火箭,并通过级间飞行状态连续性条件连接到一起,形成系统级和子系统级的框架。设计了并行方式和串行方式2种子系统的优化流程,以起飞总重最小为目标进行了多学科设计优化(MDO)。结果显示,这2种分级优化的方法与多学科可行(MDF)方法相比能减小优化过程中的迭代次数,得到更好的优化结果,从而验证了分级优化方法在多级固体运载火箭MDO的可行性与优越性。      

不可靠测试条件下基于NSGA-Ⅱ的多目标测试优化选择

针对测试不可靠因素严重影响测试优化选择结果以及现有方法不能很好解决多目标测试优化选择等问题，提出基于第二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)的多目标测试优化选择的方法。首先，描述了测试不可靠条件下多目标优化选择问题的数学模型；其次，在该数学模型下，将系统给出的故障检测率和隔离率作为约束条件，将测试代价、漏检率和虚警率作为优化目标，建立了多目标优化问题；然后，提出带有精英保留策略的NSGA-Ⅱ对多目标问题进行优化选择，利用NSGA-Ⅱ能够得到一组Pareto最优解，可根据实际需求选择最优的测试组合；最后，针对某装备进行实例分析，得到3组最优解，可以满足不同需求下的最优选择，验证了所提数学模型与多目标优化算法的可行性与有效性。