广州地磁Z分量日变幅的谱特征

利用1972—1993年广州地磁资料，分析了Z分量日变幅的年平均、年变化和半年变化等低频成分的逐年变化，以及小于60天的短周期变化特征．同时对1972—1993年的F10.7日均值进行了谱分析．结果指出，广州地磁Z分量日变幅的年平均与太阳活动指数F10．7的年平均存在良好的线性相关；具有幅度大约5nT夏季极大的年变化，与太阳活动没有明显相关，是一种季节效应；存在春秋分极大的半年变化，幅度与太阳活动有关，高年的幅度明显大于低年；具有明显的与太阳自转相关的27天左右的变化和明显的与行星波有关的接近16日、10日、5日、2日等短周期变化．广州地磁Z分量日变幅的这些谱特征，有助于更深入地了解中低层大气对电离层影响的物理机制．     

利用IGS-TEC数据分析中国华南地区电离层赤道异常北驼峰的变化特征

利用2010年11月至2011年10月IGS提供的全球电子浓度总含量(TEC)数据, 分析太阳活动上升期华南地区(经度110°E, 纬度5°—35°N) 上空电离层赤道异常(EIA)北驼峰的变化特征. 结果显示, 电离层赤道异常北驼峰区TEC峰值I具有明显的季节和半年变化特征; 北驼峰峰值出现的时间T和纬度L的日变化有一个相对较大的变化区间, 其季节和半年变化特征并不明显; 太阳活动对北驼峰变化影响比较明显, 而地磁活动对北驼峰变化影响不明显.      

Solar polar magnetic field dependency of geomagnetic activity semiannual variation indicated in the Aa index

Three major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the well-known semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, maxima at equinoxes and minima at solstices. This study examined whether the seasonal variation of equinoctial geomagnetic activity is different in periods of opposite solar magnetic polarity in order to understand the contribution of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the Sun-Earth connection. Solar magnetic polarity is parallel to the Earth’s polarity in solar minimum years of odd/even cycles but antiparallel in solar minimum years of even/odd cycles. The daily mean of the aa, Aa indices during each solar minimum was compared for periods when the solar magnetic polarity remained in opposite dipole conditions. The Aa index values were used for each of the three years surrounding the solar minimum years of the 14 solar cycles recorded since 1856. The Aa index reflects seasonal variation in geomagnetic activity, which is greater at the equinoxes than at the solstices. The Aa index reveals solar magnetic polarity dependency in which the geomagnetic activity is stronger in the antiparallel solar magnetic polarity condition than in the parallel one. The periodicity in semiannual variation of the Aa index is stronger in the antiparallel solar polar magnetic field period than in the parallel period. Additionally, we suggest the favorable IMF condition of the semiannual variation in geomagnetic activity. The orientation of IMF toward the Sun in spring and away from the Sun in fall mainly contributes to the semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity in both antiparallel and parallel solar minimum years.     

Variation of ionospheric total electron content at crest of equatorial anomaly in China from 1997 to 2004

The periodic variation of TEC data at Xiamen station (geographic coordinate: 24.4°N, 118.1°E; geomagnetic coordinate: 13.2°N, 187.4°E) at crest of equatorial anomaly in China from 1997 to 2004 is analyzed. The characteristic of TEC association with solar activity and geomagnetic activity are also analyzed. The method of continuous wavelet, cross wavelet and wavelet coherence transform methods have been used. Analysis results show that long-term variations of TEC at Xiamen station are mainly controlled by the variations of solar activities. Several remarkable components including 128–256 days, 256–512 days and 512–1024 days exist in TEC variations. The TEC data at Xiamen station is in anti-phase with geomagnetic Dst index in semiannual time-scale, but this response only exists during high solar activity. Diurnal variation of TEC is studied for different seasons. Some features like the semiannual anomaly and winter anomaly in TEC have been reported.     

第23太阳活动周武汉站电离层TEC特征分析

利用武汉站(30.5°N, 114.4°E)1997年1月1日至2007年12月31日电离层TEC、太阳黑子数及地磁指数等资料, 分析了第23周武汉站TEC的周日变化、季节变化、半年变化以及与太阳活动的相关性等特征; 以2006年4月13-17日发生的磁暴为例, 讨论了武汉站TEC对磁暴的响应以及可能的机理. 结果表明,武汉站电离层TEC在太阳活动高、低年均呈典型的周日变化特征; 冬季异常和半年异常特征明显, 且受太阳活动强弱影响; TEC和太阳黑子数年均值相关系数为0.9611; TEC对磁暴的响应可能是由磁层穿透电场和中性风共同作用导致的, 具体影响机制有待深入研究.      

武汉站第23周电离层TEC与太阳及地磁活动的相关性分析

利用武汉电离层观测站1997-2007年电离层TEC资料, 采用连续小波变换和交叉小波以及小波相干方法, 分析了该站电离层TEC的周期变化特征以及与太阳和地磁活动之间的关系. 分析结果表明, 武汉站TEC变化的长期趋势主要随太阳活动的强弱而变化; 在局部时域上分别存在128～256d, 256～512d和512d～1024d的周期尺度, 且与同时期的太阳黑子数和地磁Dst指数的周期特征存在很好的对应关系; 太阳黑子数在512～1024d周期尺度上超前TEC变化约1/6个周期; 在准半年的周期尺度上武汉站TEC与地磁Dst指数几乎呈反相位变化, 但TEC对$Dst$指数的这种响应仅在太阳活动高年存在, 具体机理尚需进一步分析研究.      

Variation of ionospheric total electron content in Indian low latitude region of the equatorial anomaly during May 2007–April 2008

The ionospheric total electron content (TEC), derived by analyzing dual frequency signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) recorded near the Indian equatorial anomaly region, Varanasi (geomagnetic latitude 14°, 55′N, geomagnetic longitude 154°E) is studied. Specifically, we studied monthly, seasonal and annual variations as well as solar and geomagnetic effects on the equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) during the solar minimum period from May 2007 to April 2008. It is found that the daily maximum TEC near equatorial anomaly crest yield their maximum values during the equinox months and their minimum values during the summer. Using monthly averaged peak magnitude of TEC, a clear semiannual variation is seen with two maxima occurring in both spring and autumn. Statistical studies indicate that the variation of EIA crest in TEC is poorly correlated with Dst-index (r = −0.03) but correlated well with Kp-index (r = 0.82). The EIA crest in TEC is found to be more developed around 12:30 LT.     

Analysis of ionospheric TEC response to solar and geomagnetic activities at different solar activity stages

Studying the relationship of total electron content (TEC) to solar or geomagnetic activities at different solar activity stages can provide a reference for ionospheric modeling and prediction. On the basis of solar activity indices, geomagnetic activity parameters, and ionospheric TEC data at different solar activity stages, this study analyzes the overall variation relationships of solar and geomagnetic activities with ionospheric TEC, the characteristics of the quasi-27-day periodic oscillations of the three variables at different stages, and the delayed TEC response of solar activity by conducting correlation analysis, Butterworth band-pass filtering, Fourier transform, and time lag analysis. The following results are obtained. (1) TEC exhibits a significant linear relationship with solar activity at different solar activity stages. The correlation coefficients |R| are arranged as follows: |R|_EUV > |R|_F10.7 > |R|sunspot number. No significant linear relationship exists between TEC and geomagnetic activity parameters (|R| < 0.35). (2) TEC, solar activity indices, and geomagnetic activity parameters have a period of 10.5 years. The maximum amplitudes of the Fourier spectrum for TEC and solar activity indices are nearly 27 days and those of geomagnetic activity parameters are nearly 27 and 13.5 days. (3) The deviations of the quasi-27-day significant periodic oscillation of TEC and solar activity indices are consistent. (4) No evident relationship exists between the quasi-27-day periodic oscillation of TEC and geomagnetic activity parameters. (5) The delay time of TEC for the 10.7 cm solar radio flux and extreme ultraviolet is always consistent, whereas that for sunspot number varies at each stage.     

太阳活动对电离层TEC变化影响分析ormalsize

为研究太阳活动对电离层TEC变化的影响,从整体到局部分析了2000—2016年的太阳黑子数、太阳射电流量F_10.7指数日均值与电离层TEC的关系,并重点分析了2017年9月6日太阳爆发X9.3级特大耀斑前后15天太阳活动与电离层TEC变化的相关性.结果表明:由2000—2016年的数据整体看来,太阳黑子数、太阳F_10.7指数、TEC两两之间具有很强的整体相关性,但局部相关性强弱不均;此次耀斑爆发前后太阳黑子数、太阳F_10.7指数和TEC具有很强的正相关特性,太阳活动对TEC的影响时延约为2天;太阳活动对全球电离层TEC的影响不同步,从高纬至低纬约有1天的延迟,且对低纬度的影响远大于中高纬度.太阳活动是影响电离层TEC变化的主要原因,但局部也可能存在其他重要影响因素.      

Variability study of ionospheric total electron content at crest of equatorial anomaly in China from 1997 to 2007

The variation of TEC data at Wuhan station (geographic coordinate: 30.5°N, 114.4°E; geomagnetic coordinate: 19.2°N, 183.8°E) at crest of equatorial anomaly in China from January 1997 to December 2007 were analyzed. Variability with solar activity, annual, semiannual, diurnal and seasonal variation were also analyzed. The MSIS00 model and ISR model were used to analyze the possible mechanisms of the variabilities found in the results. The TEC data in 1997 and 2001 deduced from another crest station Xiamen (geographic coordinate: 24.4°N, 118.1°E; geomagnetic coordinate: 13.2°N, 187.4°E) were used to contrast. Analysis results show that long-term variations of TEC at Xiamen station are mainly controlled by the variations of solar activities. Typical diurnal variation behaves as a minimum of the TEC in the pre-dawn hours around 05:00–06:00LT and a maximum on the afternoon hours around 13:00–15:00LT. Some features like the semiannual anomaly and winter anomaly in TEC have been reported. The anomaly may be the result of common action of the electric field over the magnetic equatorial and the [O/N₂] at the crest station.     

2008—2009年电离层对重现型地磁活动的响应

利用2008—2009年的GPS TEC数据,分析了电离层对冕洞引起的重现型地磁活动的响应. 结果表明,在太阳活动低年,电离层TEC表现出与地磁 ap指数（采用全球3h等效幅度指数ap来表征）和太阳风速度相似的9天和13.5天短周期变化,表明TEC的这种短周期特性主要与重现型地磁活动相关. 地磁纬度和地方时分析表明,夜间高纬地区正负相扰动明显,中低纬地区则以正相扰动为主,较大的TEC变幅主要发生在南北半球高纬地区,夜间南半球高纬地区TEC变化相对ap指数变化有相位延迟. 白天中低纬地区正负相扰动明显,TEC短周期变化与ap指数变化相位基本一致. 2008年TEC的9天和13.5天周期变化幅度大于2009年.      

基于因果卷积与LSTM网络的电离层总电子含量预报

电离层总电子含量（TEC）不仅是分析电离层形态的关键参数之一,同时为导航及定位等空间应用系统消除电离层附加时延提供重要支撑。由于电离层TEC的时空变化特征,本文融合因果卷积和长短时记忆网络,以太阳活动指数F_10.7、地磁活动指数Dst和电离层TEC历史数据作为特征输入,构建深度学习模型,实现提前24 h预报电离层TEC。进一步利用2005－2013年连续9年的CODE TEC数据,全面评估了模型在北京站（40°N,115°E）、武汉站（30.53°N,114.36°E）和海口站（20.02°N,110.38°E）的预报性能。结果显示不同太阳活动条件下三个站的TEC值与真实测量值的相关系数都大于0.87,均方根误差大都集中在0～1 TECU以内,且模型预报精度与纬度、太阳、地磁活动程度、季节变化相关。与仅由长短时记忆网络构成的预报模型相比,本实验模型均方根误差降低了15%,为电离层TEC预报模型的实际应用提供了参考。      

太阳活动低年低纬地区VTEC 变化特性分析

利用福州台站(26.1°N, 119.3°E, 磁纬14.4°N)电离层闪烁与TEC监测仪2006-2010年的观测数据, 对该地区垂直总电子含量(VTEC)进行时间变化特性分析. 结果表明, 春秋冬三季的VTEC平均最高值出现在06:00UT, 夏季出现在08:00UT, 所有季节的平均最低值均出现在21:00UT; VTEC变化存在季节异常和弱冬季异常, 春秋季节高, 冬夏季节低, 夏季VTEC比冬季低且最大值出现时间延迟; VTEC在2006-2009年呈现下降的变化趋势, 2010年开始增强, 年际变化与太阳活动及地磁活动变化趋势具有较好的对应关系; VTEC变化与太阳活动存在很好的相关性, 相关系数达到0.5以上, 地磁活动则显示了弱相关的特性; F_10.7与VTEC的相关性随着每天Kp指数总值Σ_kp的增大而减小.      

Comparison of GPS-TEC measurements with NeQuick2 and IRI model predictions in the low latitude East African region during varying solar activity period (1998 and 2008–2015)

This paper examines the performances of NeQuick2, the latest available IRI-2016, IRI-2012 and IRI-2007 models in describing the monthly and seasonal mean total electron content (TEC) over the East African region. This is to gain insight into the success of the various model types and versions at characterizing the ionosphere within the equatorial ionization anomaly. TEC derived from five Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers installed at Addis Ababa (ADD, 5.33°N, 111.99°E Geog.), Asab (ASAB, 8.67°N, 116.44°E Geog.), Ambo (ABOO, 5.43°N, 111.05°E Geog.), Nairobi (RCMN, ?4.48°N, 108.46°E Geog.) and Nazret (NAZR, 4.78°N, 112.43°E Geog.), are compared with the corresponding values computed using those models during varying solar activity period (1998 and 2008–2015). We found that different models describe the equatorial and anomaly region ionosphere best depending on solar cycle, season and geomagnetic activity levels. Our results show that IRI-2016 is the best model (compared to others in terms of discrepancy range) in estimating the monthly mean GPS-TEC at NAZR, ADD and RCMN stations except at ADD during 2008 and 2012. It is also found that IRI-2012 is the best model in estimating the monthly mean TEC at ABOO station in 2014. IRI show better agreement with observations during June solstice for all the years studied at ADD except in 2012 where NeQuick2 better performs. At NAZR, NeQuick2 better performs in estimating seasonal mean GPS-TEC during 2011, while IRI models are best during 2008–2009. Both NeQuick2 and IRI models underestimate measured TEC for all the seasons at ADD in 2010 but overestimate at NAZR in 2009 and RCMN in 2008. The periodic variations of experimental and modeled TEC have been compared with solar and geomagnetic indices at ABOO and ASAB in 2014 and results indicate that the F10.7 and sunspot number as indices of solar activity seriously affects the TEC variations with periods of 16–32?days followed by the geomagnetic activity on shorter timescales (roughly periods of less than 16?days). In this case, NeQuick2 derived TEC shows better agreement with a long term period variations of GPS-TEC, while IRI-2016 and IRI-2007 show better agreement with observations during short term periodic variations. This indicates that the dependence of NeQuick2 derived TEC on F10.7 is seasonal. Hence, we suggest that representation of geomagnetic activity indices is required for better performance over the low latitude region.     

基于IGS电离层TEC格网的扰动特征统计分析

电离层总电子含量（TEC）是研究空间天气特性的重要参量,通过分析电离层TEC,可以了解空间环境的变化特征.利用IGS提供的1999—2016年全球电离层TEC格网数据,按照地磁纬度将全球划分为高、中、中低、低磁纬四个区域,计算不同区域的电离层扰动;利用大量统计数据选取电离层扰动事件的判定阈值,分析电离层扰动与太阳活动、时空之间的关系;计算电离层扰动指数与地磁活动之间的相关系数.结果显示:电离层扰动与太阳活动变化具有较强的正相关特性.在太阳活动低年,电离层扰动事件发生的概率约为1.79%,在太阳活动高年发生扰动的概率约为10.18%.在空间分布上,无论是太阳活动高年还是低年,高磁纬地区发生扰动事件的概率均大于其他磁纬出现扰动事件的概率.计算得到的中磁纬和中低磁纬地区电离层扰动指数与全球地磁指数Ap的相关系数分别为0.57和0.56,说明电离层扰动指数与Ap具有较好的相关关系;高磁纬电离层扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.44;低磁纬扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.39.以上结果表明,不同区域电离层扰动与全球地磁指数Ap的相关性不同,测定区域地磁指数可能会提高与电离层扰动的相关性.      

低纬地磁Z分量的半年变化

利用武汉、广州、泉州和琼中等4个低纬地磁站连续多年的地磁资料，计算了各月5个磁静日Z分量日均值与中午1100---1300时段平均值之差(Dz)，对每年12个Dz采用多元回归分析方法，得到各年的半年变化幅度和相位．结果表明：4个站的Dz每年都有半年变化现象；半年变化幅度与太阳活动有关，一般来说，太阳活动高年Dz半年变化幅度明显大于太阳活动低年；太阳活动本身的半年变化，对Dz半年变化幅度有显著的调制作用；Dz半年变化的相位在3—4月(或9—10月)，即极大值出现在分季；低纬地区地磁Z分量存在显著的半年变化，能够反映赤道电急流也有明显的半年变化，这再一次证明，赤道电急流幅度的半年变化，通过“喷泉效应”使得电离层，f0F2产生半年变化，其是产生，f0F2半年变化的一个主要因素．     

武汉地区电离层电子浓度总含量的统计经验模式研究

由武汉电离层观象台一个太阳黑子周期（1980-1990年）的实测电离层电子浓度总含量（TEC）资料，统计分析得出了武汉地区的一个TEC经验模式，模式很好地再现了武汉地区的TEC观测值，其预测误差在太阳活动高年稍太，低年较小；在春秋两季稍大，冬夏两季较小；在当地时间白天和傍晚稍大，夜间和早晨较小。此外，与国际参考电离层模式IRI的计算结果比较，本模式预测的TEC值更接近于实际观测结果，同时，本文也初步探讨了TEC的半年变化特征和冬季异常现象。     

武汉地区电离层TEC和NmF2及板厚的季节变化

通过利用武汉电离层观测站(114.4°E,30.6°N)1980-1990年对E8T-Ⅱ卫星信标的法拉第旋转测量的TEC(电子浓度总含量)数据,以及由测高仪测量的1980-1990年间的f0F2(F2层临界频率)数据,研究了武汉地区TEC,NmF2(最大电子浓度)和板厚的季节变化,同时比较了IRI和武汉单站模式在预测NmF2季节性方面的有效性.武汉单站模式在预测NmF2季节性变化方面优于IRI模式.      

F3 layer feature under low and medium solar activity observed at a Chinese low latitude station Fuke

Ionogram observations from the ionosonde at Fuke (9.5°N geomagnetic latitude), a Chinese low latitude station, in 2010–2012 are analyzed to present the features of F3 layer under low and moderate solar activity conditions. Structure of the ionogram, displaying the F3 layer, was more distinct and clear during MSA than LSA periods especially during spring to summer. Start time of occurrence of the F3 layer is about at 0830–0900 LT and is approximately the same for LSA and MSA conditions. The average duration time of the F3 layer occurrence was 181 min per day under F_10.7 = 75 condition, 263 min in F_10.7 = 99 and 358 min in F_10.7 = 125, respectively. The differences of h′F2 and h′F3 exhibited obvious semiannual variation observed at Fuke from March 2010 to June 2012 and increased with increasing solar activity. The difference of foF2 and foF3 in the months February, March, September, October and November is less evident in the middle solar activity period 2011–2012 than the low solar activity 2010 and in the other period it shows a slight increase (0.5 MHz) or keeps constant. The results show that the solar activity dependence of the F3 layer occurrence at low latitude away from the magnetic equator is different from that at near the magnetic equator.     

Climatology of global,hemispheric and regional electron content variations during the solar cycles 23 and 24

We present the results of study on the variations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by using global, hemispheric, and regional electron contents computed from the global ionospheric maps (GIMs) for the period from 1999 to 2020. For a low and moderate solar activity, the global and regional electron contents vary linearly with solar 10.7 cm radio flux and EUV flux. While a saturation effect in the electron content verses EUV and F10.7 is found during the high solar activity periods at all regions, the maximum effect is observed at low-latitudes followed by high and mid-latitudes region. The extent of saturation effect is more pronounced for F10.7 as compared to EUV. A wavelet transform is applied to global and hemispheric electron contents to examine the relative strength of different variations. The semi-annual variations dominate in the northern hemisphere, whereas annual variations dominate in the southern counterpart. The amplitude of annual variations in southern hemisphere is found to be higher than northern counterpart at all latitudes. This asymmetry in the amplitude of annual variation is maximum at low-latitudes, followed by mid and high-latitudes, respectively. The semi-annual variations are in-phase in both hemisphere and follow the solar cycle. The northern hemisphere depicts relatively large amplitude of semi-annual variations and exhibit the maximum effect at high-latitudes.