基于TCAD和Geant 4的SRAM单粒子效应评估

基于Geant4和TCAD (Technology-Computer Aided-Design)建立了一套评估静态存储器(SRAM)单粒子效应的方法. 该方法利用TCAD软件模拟半导体存储单元对粒子能量沉积的响应, 获得SRAM的重离子单粒子翻转截面, 并应用蒙特卡罗工具包Geant 4计算质子与硅材料的核反应以及次级粒子在灵敏体积内的能量沉积, 进而获得质子的单粒子翻转率. 利用该方法, 计算了TSMC 0.18 μm未加固SRAM的重离子和质子翻转率, 通过与同工艺SRAM的重离子实验结果进行比较, 初步验证了该方法的有效性. 该方法不依赖于地面模拟实验, 可以用来评估处于设计阶段的抗辐射加固器件.      

空间高能粒子与器件布线层核反应后次级粒子LET分布研究

空间高能质子和重离子是导致元器件发生单粒子效应的根本原因,为准确评估元器件在轨遭遇的单粒子效应风险,必须清楚高能质子、重离子与器件材料发生核反应的物理过程及生成的次级重离子LET（Line EnergyTransfer）分布规律。针对典型CMOS工艺器件模拟计算了不同能量质子和氦核粒子在器件灵敏单元内产生的反冲核、平均能量及线性能量转移值,并分析了半导体器件金属布线层中重金属对次级重离子LET分布的影响规律。计算结果表明：高能粒子与器件相互作用后产生大量次级重离子,且高能质子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～25MeV·cm²/mg;高能氦核粒子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～35 MeV·cm²/mg;有重金属钨（W）存在时能提高次级粒子的LET值,增加了半导体器件发生单粒子效应的概率,该研究结果可为元器件单粒子效应风险分析、航天器抗单粒子效应指标确定提供重要依据。     

临近空间大气中子诱发电子器件单粒子翻转模拟研究

根据重离子试验数据, 采用长方体(RPP)模型, 用GEANT4软件工具包编程, 建立了垂直于器件表面入射的中子诱发电子器件的单粒子翻转模型. 考虑敏感体积及其附近的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献, 统计了次级粒子在敏感体积内沉积能量的微分能谱分布, 对在敏感体积内沉积不同能量的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献进行了区分计算, 模拟计算结果与地面试验结果符合较好.      

质子引发的单粒子翻转率估算的研究

根据质子单粒子翻转事件的物理本质,及空间高能质子环境特性,给出了一种基于重离子单粒子翻转实验数据基础之上的估算质子引发的单粒子翻转的方法.利用这种方法计算了几种器件的翻转情况,与地面模拟实验及飞行观测结果符合得非常好.      

大气中子实时计算模式

为实时评估0~100km高度范围内的大气中子全球分布,对宇宙线在地磁场和大气中的传输过程进行了分析.利用蒙特卡罗方法工具包Geant4,预先计算不同能量的粒子在大气层中产生的次级粒子能谱分布,形成大气次级粒子数据库,并与相关模型进行对比,验证了该数据库的有效性和可靠性.以实测或预报的空间环境参数作为输入,计算同步轨道银河宇宙线和太阳质子事件能谱以及100km高度上的地磁垂直截止刚度,最终得到大气层顶上的粒子能谱.通过对大气次级粒子数据库的线性插值,实现1h分辨率的大气中子能谱和辐射剂量全球分布的实时计算.      

空间粒子辐射对卫星中集成芯片的影响

本文分析了在“风云一号(B)”气象卫星环境中各种粒子辐射在集成芯片临界体积中产生的能量沉积, 即LET(线性能量传输);得到了银河宇宙线1≤Z≤28、银河宇宙线异常成分(C、N、O、Ne、Ar、Fe)、内辐射带质子等产生的LET, 计算了其分别产生的单粒于事件(SEU)翻转率。      

高能重离子径迹结构对单粒子翻转的影响

利用解析法计算了高能重离子的径迹结构,通过MonteCarlo方法研究了径迹结构对微电子芯片单粒子翻转的影响.结果表明,考虑了径迹结构的影响后,当离子能量较高时,具有小尺寸灵敏单元、低翻转阈值的芯片的翻转截面较传统的LET描述结果小许多;当离子更重时,这种差别对灵敏单元尺寸较大、翻转阈值较高的芯片也变得较明显.即离子径迹结构的影响是通过其有效地沉积到灵敏单元中的能量与翻转阈值相比较而表现出来的.还研究了作用距离较深、结构宽大的径迹造成的相邻多个灵敏单元的同时翻转,即多位翻转现象,这是用LET所不能反映的.      

用蒙特卡罗方法研究质子在航天器内部充电中的作用

介绍了航天器内部充电的基本物理机制, 重点研究了质子在内部充电中的作用. 用蒙特卡罗方法模拟质子在介质中的输运过程, 计算了简化的平板介质在一定通量的粒子环境中的内部充电情况. 结果表明, 介质内部最大电场与入射质子能量有关, 当质子能量达到14 MeV时候, 内部电场最强; 当质子与电子的入射数目相同, 并且材料参数一样时, 质子产生的最大电场大于电子产生的最大电场. 选取2004年7月26日TC-2卫星姿控分系统故障前的质子和电子通量数据, 分别计算了二者可能引起的内部最大电场. 计算结果表明,质子产生的最大电场比电子产生的最大电场小2~4个数量级, 并且远小于击穿电场; 在某些极端情况下, 例如质子产生的电场和电子产生的电场方向一致的时候, 电场的叠加会使局地电场得到加强.      

空间轨道单粒子翻转率预估方法研究

系统分析了国外单粒子翻转率预估方法，提出了一种适合国内现状的单粒子翻转率预估方法，计算了五个典型轨道上的单粒子翻转率和轨道翻转系数，为评价半导体器件抗单粒子效应的能力提供了依据。     

带电粒子在近地球区运动的计算方法

基于磁层粒子动力学理论,根据单粒子方法和偶极磁场模型,在近地球区(L＜10),详细讨论了带电粒子的运动特征以及适合不同能量的带电粒子的计算方法,定量分析了磁层中的电场和磁场对各种能量的带电粒子漂移运动的影响.结果表明,对于能量低于105 eV的电子和102 eV的质子,宜采用引导中心近似方法;对于能量介于105～108 eV之间的电子和102～108 eV之间的质子,可在部分区域内采用引导中心近似方法,若运动区在10 Re内,则只能采用变步长的轨道法;而对于引导中心方法,粒子能量高于105 eV时可以忽略电场漂移的影响,粒子能量低于103 eV时不必考虑磁场漂移的影响,从而简化了引导中心方程组,提高了数值计算效率.      

A comparison of two different types of geosynchronous satellite measurements during the 1989 solar proton events.

The proton telescope aboard the GOES-7 satellite continuously records the proton flux at geosynchronous orbit, and therefore provides a direct measurement of the energetic protons arriving during solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Microelectronic devices are susceptible to single event upset (SEU) caused by both energetic protons and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) ions. Some devices are so sensitive that their upsets can be used as a dosimetric indicator of a high fluence of particles. The 93L422 1K SRAM is one such device. Eight of them are on the TDRS-1 satellite in geosynchronous orbit, and collectively they had been experiencing 1-2 upset/day due to the GCR background. During the large SEP events of 1989 the upset rate increased dramatically, up to about 250 for the week of 19 Oct, due to the arrival of the SEP protons. Using the GOES proton spectra, the proton-induced SEU cross section curve for the 93L422 and the shielding distribution around the 93L422, the calculated upsets based on the GOES satellite data compared well against the log of measured upsets on TDRS-1.     

Inner radiation belt source of helium and heavy hydrogen isotopes

Nuclear interactions between inner zone protons and atoms in the upper atmosphere provide the main source of energetic H and He isotopes nuclei in the radiation belt. This paper reports on the specified calculations of these isotope intensities using various inner zone proton intensity models (AP-8 and SAMPEX/PET PSB97), the atmosphere drift-averaged composition and density model MSIS-90, and cross-sections of the interaction processes from the GNASH nuclear model code. To calculate drift-averaged densities and energy losses of secondaries, the particles were tracked in the geomagnetic field (modelled through IGRF-95) by integrating numerically the equation of the motion. The calculations take into account the kinematics of nuclear interactions along the whole trajectory of trapped proton. The comparison with new data obtained from the experiments on board RESURS-04 and MITA satellites and with data from SAMPEX and CRRES satellites taken during different phases of solar activity shows that the upper atmosphere is a sufficient source for inner zone helium and heavy hydrogen isotopes. The calculation results are energy spectra and angular distributions of light nuclear isotopes in the inner radiation belt that may be used to develop helium inner radiation belt model and to evaluate their contribution to SEU (single event upset) rates.     

由地面宇宙线中子强度反演空间质子和重离子的分布

采用线性回归的方法研究了太阳活动平静时期空间高能质子和重离子微分通量与地面OULU宇宙线台站中子强度之间的相关性,利用地面中子强度数据来反演空间高能质子和重离子通量.从质子和重离子的能谱出发,结合OULU台站中子强度的数据,提出了由地面中子强度数据反演空间高能质子和重离子微分通量的新方法.文中以GOES卫星上350～420 MeV,420～510 MeV,510～700 MeV,＞700 MeV(P8～P11)四能道的高能质子和ACE卫星上的元素C为例,并将反演的数据与测量结果比较,二者符合较好.为了探索这种反演方法在空间辐射环境描述中的应用,同时利用2006年11月和12月质子通量的反演结果对反演方法进行了验证,证明利用这一反演方法可以从地面中子强度的数据很好地反演出空间质子和重离子的微分通量.      

Measurements and calculations of gamma rays from proton-irradiated thick targets

To help understand planetary gamma-ray spectra, the energies and intensities of gamma rays produced by energetic particles interacting in thick targets were simulated experimentally and numerically. Using the accelerator at RIKEN, thick targets of iron, granite, and gabbro were exposed to 180 or 210 MeV proton beam, and characteristic gamma rays emitted from the targets were measured by Ge detectors. The experimental results were compared with the values calculated by Geant4. The relative intensities of gamma-ray lines from the iron target in the experiment were consistent with those in the calculation within the error of ∼5%. As for stone targets, strong inconsistencies were observed. Further improvement in the calculation code and cross section files, as well as experimental resemblance to space missions are indispensable for gamma-ray spectroscopy.     

Analysis of radiation risk from alpha particle component of solar particle events.

The solar particle events (SPE) will contain a primary alpha particle component, representing a possible increase in the potential risk to astronauts during an SPE over the often studied proton component. We discuss the physical interactions of alpha particles important in describing the transport of these particles through spacecraft and body shielding. Models of light ion reactions are presented and their effects on energy and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra in shielding discussed. We present predictions of particle spectra, dose, and dose equivalent in organs of interest for SPE spectra typical of those occurring in recent solar cycles. The large events of solar cycle 19 are found to have substantial increase in biological risk from alpha particles, including a large increase in secondary neutron production from alpha particle breakup.