Technology Progress Report for Microwave Remote Sensing

In this presentation, technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is introduced. New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments for China's lunar exploration satellite (Chang'E-1), meteorological satellite FY-3 and ocean dynamic measurement satellite (HY-2) are reported.     

Technology Progress Report for Spaceborne Microwave Remote Sensing

In this presentation, technological progress for China's microwave remote sensing is introduced. New developments of the microwave remote sensing instruments formeteorological satellite FY-3, ocean dynamic measurement satellite (HY-2), environment small SAR satellite (H J-1C) and China's lunar exploration satellite (Chang'E-1), are reported.     

FY-3 Meteorological Satellites and the Applications

FY-3 is the second generation polar-orbiting meteorological satellite of China. The first satellite named FY-3A of this series was launched on 27 May 2008. The first operational satellite named FY-3C of this series was launched on 23 September, 2013. The new generation satellites are to provide three-dimensional, quantitative, multi-spectral global remote sensing data under all weather conditions, which will greatly help the operational numerical weather prediction, global climate change research, climate diagnostics and prediction, and natural disaster monitoring. They will also provide help for many other fields such as agriculture, forestry, oceanography and hydrology. With the abovementioned capability, the FY-3 satellites can make valuable contributions to improving weather forecasts, global natural-disaster and environmental monitoring.      

气象卫星遥感海面温度的资料处理方法

气象卫星遥感海面温度的资料处理关键环节是云检测(筛选晴空区)和大气削弱订正。目前卫星气象中心的卫星海面温度处理业务系统中,针对美国的NOAA 卫星是利用国际上普遍使用的红外窗区多通道法。对于中国发射的风云一号(FY-1)气象卫星,由于星载辐射计只有一个红外窗区通道能用于大气削弱订正,为此专门开发了单通道海面温度处理方法。文章介绍了两种方法的基本原理、算法和处理结果举例,并对两种方法的特点作了简要评价。     

Fengyun Satellites: Achievements and Future

Chinese meteorological satellite, Fengyun (FY) Satellite, has a polar-orbiting series and a geostationary series. Up to now, 5 polar-orbiting (FY-1A/B/C/D and FY-3A) and 5 geostationary (FY-2A/B/C/D/E) satellites were launched. FY data has been being intensively applied not only to meteorological monitoring and prediction but also to many other fields regarding ecology, environment, disaster, space weather and so and. The FY data sharing system, FengyunCast, is now one of the three components of global meteorological satellite information dissemination system, GEONETCast. The first satellite of the new generation polar-orbiting series, FY-3A, was launched on 27 May, 2008, demonstrating the FY polar-orbiting satellite and its application completed a great leap to realize three-dimensional observations and quantitative application. The first of the next generation geostationary series (FY-4) is planned to launch in 2014.      

风云一号气象卫星地面应用系统

介绍了风云一号气象卫星资料接收处理系统,此系统由北京、广州、乌鲁木齐三个地面站和设于卫星气象中心的资料处理中心组成,也能兼顾接收处理NOAA 和GMS 气象卫星的资料。     

The First Chinese Ocean Color Satellite HY-1A

HY-1A is China's first ocean color satellite, and was launched on 15 May 2002as a piggyback satellite on the FY-1D satellite using the Long March rocket.There are two sensors on the satellite: China's Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS), and the CCD Coastal Zone Imager (CZI). In the report,first, the properties and characteristics of HY-1A are briefly introduced; Second, the quality and availability of the data are evaluated by the mean of the Complex Signal Noise Ratio (CSNR) which is simulated theoretically; Third,the received HY-1A data are compared with SeaSTAR data to understand the accuracy of radiance measurement by the HY-1A; Finally, the remote sensing products of ocean color and temperature are mapped by HY-1A to study its application potentiality. The results show that the HY-1A has a latent capability for the application of marine environment detection, the management and protection of marine resources, and the furthering of national rights and interests.Meanwhile, some modifications are proposed for the next ocean satellite, suchas adding the case of tilt scanning, modification of the CCD element uniformity,and adding more ocean satellite receiving stations.     

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System，GNSS）掩星大气探测技术的兴起，GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位，但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求，未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源，开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以世界气象组织发布的大气海洋数据需求为参考，提出新一代GNSS遥感探测星座任务需求与设计约束.在理想大气模型假设下，利用几何解析方法研究了探测卫星星座构型参数对探测性能的影响，并建立了新一代GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计基本准则.以风云卫星为子星座，给出了星座规模同为40颗的三种GNSS遥感探测微纳卫星星座设计方案.研究结果表明，具备该规模的探测星座可满足数值天气预报等气象应用的最低数据需求，三种构型方案中，由高、中、低倾角三组Walker子星座与风云卫星子星座组建的GNSS遥感探测星座探测性能最优.      

风云一号卫星红外通道定标精度的检验

在气象卫星资料的定量应用中,定标是极为重要的。文章应用相对定标方法,对FY-1B 和NOAA 卫星的红外通道的定标精度进行了相对检验,结果表明两者之间的偏差不超过±1℃。     

同步物理反演方法改进试验

同步物理反演方法(简称SPRM)是当前在美国卫星大气遥感工作中流行的反演方法之一。几年来它随着理论和实践的深化而发展,这个数值对比试验的目的是为了发展SPRM,使之适于卫星业务反演处理和气象业务科研应用。为简便,将经过反演模式发展和反演方法改进后的SPRM 统称为改进的SPRM(简称ISPRM)。大量NOAA-10气象卫星探测资料反演试验结果表明,ISPRM 的反演精度明显地优于SPRM。     

风云二号气象卫星系统及其应用前景

简要介绍风云二号（ＦＹ－２）静止气象卫星、地面应用系统和预计提供的遥感产品,并对ＦＹ－２卫星资料和遥感产品的可能应用前景进行了初步分析和预测。     

FY-2卫星的空间环境数据接收及警报系统

介绍了FY—2卫星探测数据的流通过程及接收处理．首先在FY-2卫星及探测器系统中，环境探测数据被收集、调制并发射，再由地基数据接收及解调系统将数据信号放大、解调还原并发送，最后由数据处理及警报系统将数据接收处理、保存显示，并对太阳质子事件、x耀斑进行自动电话报警．该系统是保障航天器安全和提高抗辐照水平的重要手段．     

FY-2卫星扫描辐射仪在轨定标方法

ＦＹ－ ２ 在轨定标是云图定量处理的关键。首先叙述了ＦＹ－ ２ 可见光、红外和水汽通道的定标方法;然后介绍了星上各通道的电定标及黑体定标的过程。结果表明红外通道在轨定标曲线与实验室定标非常接近。     

风云二号气象卫星指令与数据获取站

风云二号气象卫星指令与数据获取站是中国第一套集遥感图像接收与实时处理,多种云图广播与数据通信,以及对卫星跟踪、三点测距、确定卫星姿态、遥测、遥控等多种功能于一体,多载波体制工作的具有国际先进水平的大型综合站。文章对其任务、系统组成与功能进行介绍,给出了系统框图和主要参数。对研制全过程的重要技术问题,特别是对原始云图实时处理为展宽云图,三点测距等关键技术难点进行了较详细的分析。     

基于策略的遥感卫星管控方法研究

针对遥感卫星管理控制中业务应用与底层调度紧耦合导致的操作复杂、人工干预多等问题，提出一种基于策略的遥感卫星管控方法。在搭建策略管控模型的基础上，采用分层控制闭环结构，构建卫星控制闭环；提出卫星集群分域管理方法，并设置策略部署机制；详细论述了基于策略的遥感卫星管控实现方法；以海上失联舰船搜救任务为典型案例进行仿真，验证该方法可以完成异构卫星集群基于事件驱动的闭环控制。基于策略的管理方法能够有效降低遥感卫星管控业务的复杂度，实现遥感卫星集群的自动控制。     

基于卫星云图的大区域云层预测方法

云层覆盖是影响对地观测卫星成像的一个重要问题,如果遥感图像中云层比例太高,或者特定目标不可见,则遥感图像就会失效。对地观测卫星能够根据云层预测信息,在多个观测目标之间进行选择。面向对地观测卫星任务规划的应用,设计了大区域范围的短期云层预测方法,首先通过光流法获取云运动矢量,然后依据云运动矢量外推获得预测的云层图像,同时引入拉普拉斯算子刻画云层运动过程中的扩散现象,利用风云二号卫星的真实云图序列数据,通过神经网络的反向传播算法优化扩散因子,以提升云层预测的效果。通过对结果进行分析,引入的拉普拉斯算子方法能够提高云层预测的精度,80%分位数的云层覆盖率误差约为11.7%,该精度的云层预测可以用于指导对地观测卫星任务规划。     

Update on Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Program and Development

China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969. With 50-years' growing, there are 17 Fengyun (FY) meteorological satellites launched successfully. At present, seven of them are in orbit to provide the operational service, including three polar orbiting meteorological satellites and four geostationary meteorological satellites. Since last COSPAR report, no new Fengyun satellite has been launched. The information of the on-orbit FY-2 series, FY-3 series, and FY-4 series has been updated. FY-3D and FY-2H satellites accomplished the commission test and transitioned into operation in 2018. FY-2E satellite completed its service to decommission in 2019. The web-based users and Direct Broadcasting (DB) users keep growing worldwide to require the Fengyun satellite data and products. A new Mobile Application Service has been launched to Fengyun users based on the cloud technology in 2018. In this report, the international and regional co-operations to facilitate the Fengyun user community have been addressed especially. To strengthen the data service in the Belt and Road countries, the Emergency Support Mechanism of Fengyun satellite (FY_ESM) has been established since 2018. Meanwhile, a Recalibrating 30-years' archived Fengyun satellite data project has been founded since 2018. This project targets to generate the Fundamental Climate Data Record (FCDR) as a space agency response to the Global Climate Observation System (GCOS). At last, the future Fengyun program up to 2025 has been introduced as well.      

FY-3D 中分辨率成像仪图像地理定位误差来源分析

以风云三号D星（FY-3D）中分辨率成像仪（MERSI）的图像地理定位为背景，针对现阶段FY-3D图像与海岸线匹配时误差表现为周期性振荡的现象，从卫星轨道和姿态控制的角度出发，分析了当前卫星运行策略对图像地理定位精度的影响。首先，建立了当前FY-3D卫星动力学模型和成像模型；然后，以FY-3D/MERSI真实遥感图像为基础，分析姿轨控分系统对遥感图像周期性定位造成的误差；最后，通过对比数值仿真结果与真实图像数据，对来自姿轨控分系统的图像定位误差来源进行了验证。研究表明，姿轨控分系统的轨道、姿态预报误差以及载荷安装误差都会导致成像基准产生偏差，进而使图像的地理定位误差呈现周期性振荡现象。     

Advances on Technology and Application of Ocean Color Remote Sensing in China (2004 - 2006)

China has great progress in the technology and application of ocean color remote sensing during 2004-2006. In this report, firstly, four major technical advances are displaying, including (1) the vector radiative transfer numerical model of coupled ocean-atmosphere system; (2) the atmospheric correction algorithm specialized on Chinese high turbid water; (3) systematical research of hyper-spectrum ocean color remote sensing; (4) local algorithms of oceanic parameters, like ocean color components, ocean primary productivity, water transparency, water quality parameters, etc. On the foundation of technical advances, ocean color remote sensing takes effect on ocean environment monitoring, with four major kinds of application systems, namely, (1) the automatic multi-satellites data receiving, processing and application system; (2) the shipboard satellite data receiving and processing system for fishery ground information; (3) Coastal water quality monitoring system, integrating satellite and airborne remote sensing technology and ship measurement; (4) the preliminary system of airborne ocean color remote sensing application system. Finally, the prospective development of Chinese ocean color remote sensing is brought forward. With Chinese second ocean color satellite (HY-1B) orbiting, great strides will take place in Chinese ocean color information accumulation and application.     

模态综合在遥感卫星颤动响应分析中的应用

高分辨率遥感卫星对地观测时,星上部件的运动使星体产生颤动响应,该响应会对成像质量产生一定影响。介绍了基于混合界面综合方法的遥感卫星动力学模型及其简化计算方案;给出了运动部件拢动影响下遥感卫星的颤动响应分析仿真结果。这些结果可供卫星总体部门参考。