后向散射辐射探测大气臭氧总量反演方法的改进

以SBDART模式作为辐射传输计算模式,在各种大气气溶胶存在的情况下利用现有的大气后向散射反演大气臭氧总量的Version7方法,模拟计算得到各种气溶胶存在时的大气臭氧总量,并分析了反演结果误差产生的原因.进一步提出根据斜气柱臭氧总量sΩ0,选择不同连续波长区间测量得到的后向散射强度来对臭氧总量的初估值Ω0进行修正的方法.将得到的结果与Version7的进行比较,证明了新方法的有效性.      

太阳质子事件与大气臭氧扰动

本文利用统计分析方法分析了1960至1982年间1级以上的太阳质子事件与四个不同地理纬度大气臭氧含量的相互关系.分析结果表明,对于中、低纬度地区,1、2级太阳质子事件基本上不影响大气臭氧含量,只有3、4级的大事件才对臭氧含量产生扰动,而且具有明显的纬度效应;对于极区,1级以上的太阳质子事件就能对臭氧含量产生影响,随着质子事件级别的增高,对臭氧含量的扰动也加大.通常,太阳质子事件发生的当天,臭氧含量开始下降,在第4天下降达最小值,整个扰动持续数日.由太阳质子事件扰动大气臭氧明显的纬度效应证明了太阳质子事件的确是使大气臭氧含量变化的重要因素.此外,分析结果表明,冬天出现的太阳质子事件对臭氧的扰动要大于夏天质子事件对臭氧的扰动.这些结果给出了太阳质子事件影响大气臭氧的一个总轮廓,而且从理论上得到了较好的解释.      

日全食期间中间层大气臭氧光化过程试验

利用包括活O_x、HO_x、和NO_x等成份在内的一维时变光化模式,研究了日全食时上中层大气臭氧和O₂(1△g)的变化特性,并通过与观测资料的比较进行了光化模式的试验.结果表明,日全食时太阳辐照变化对1.27μm气晖影响的高度比曙暮期间明显偏低,利用1.27μm气晖光度计测量大气臭氧的高度范围约为52-67km.1997年3月9日漠河日全食时测量的大气臭氧含量变化幅度为50％.这与考虑O_x、HO_x、和NO_x等成份的光化模式理论模拟结果基本一致.它表明在52-67km高度范围不存在臭氧亏损现象.      

高层大气臭氧对于太阳紫外辐射27天波动的响应

本文利用Ｓｏｌａｒ Ｍｅｓｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ Ｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｒ（ＳＭＥ）卫星１９８２年和１９８３年太阳紫外辐射和赤道地区５０－９０ｋｍ臭氧分布的红外观测资料，对臭氧地太阳紫外辐射２７天振荡的响应进行了研究，并且利用大气光化波动模式对其进行了理论计算，计算结果与实测结果基本一致。     

太阳活动突发过程对临近空间大气影响的模拟

空间天气对地球及近地空间具有重要影响,大的空间天气事件对中上层大气动力学和成分具有不同的影响。利用全大气耦合模式WACCM,针对太阳耀斑、太阳质子、地磁暴三类事件,以太阳活动平静期2015年5月10-14日的GEOS-5数据为模式背景场,通过F_10.7、离子产生率、Kp及Ap指数设置,分别模拟三类事件对临近空间大气温度、密度和臭氧的影响。结果表明耀斑事件在三类事件中对临近空间大气温度和密度的影响最为显著。平流层大气温度增加是由耀斑辐射增强引起平流层臭氧吸收紫外辐射发生的光化学反应所致,耀斑事件引起平流层和低热层温度增加约为2～3 K,低热层大气相对密度增加在6%以内;太阳质子事件及磁暴事件主要影响低热层,但太阳质子事件和磁暴事件对低热层温度扰动不大于1 K。     

Mars Express长期火星大气研究取得新发现

ESA网站2021年7月23日报道,欧俄科学家利用火星快车(Mars Express)上搭载的火星大气光谱学表征研究(SPICAM)仪器在4个火星年(7.5个地球年)采集的观测数据,证实火星大气中臭氧和水蒸气呈负相关关系,研究结果有助于更好地了解地球大气化学过程.相关论文发表在Journal of Geo-physical Research:Planets上.     

垂直对天顶测量的紫外前向散射探测臭氧总量的可行性研究

选用SBDART模式作为大气辐射传输计算模式,通过模拟计算和结果分析探讨无云的晴天、垂直对天顶观测的紫外前向散射反演大气臭氧总量的可行性.计算表明,穿透能力与探测灵敏度之间的复杂联系使得探测波长应随着sΩ0的增大而波长变长,若用波长对探测,则波长对中较短的波长也应随着sΩ0的增大而增大.另外大气的臭氧总量越少,反演结果受下垫面反照率、气压和仪器精度的影响越大,因而反演误差越大.当强度Ii的测量精度为±1%时,下垫面反照率R和气压P0的分辨率分别达到±0.05和±50 hPa,若用单波长探测,则在大气臭氧总量Ω0和s都较小时,反演结果大于5%;若选用波长对进行探测,由于R和P0的误差对反演结果的影响降低,故精度大大提高.Ii,R和P0在上述精度下,选取适当的波长对进行探测,精度至少可达±4%,当臭氧总量高于350 DU时,可达±2%.      

非线性大气重力波产生的行进电离层扰动

本文导出了大气重力波的非线性方程,研究了重力波的非线性性质。利用等离子体的连续性方程,计算了电离层对重力波的非线性响应,讨论了非线性电离层扰动(TID)的形态。结果表明,非线牲效应使TID表现为多种不规则形态。      

基于高斯波束传输的高功率微波的大气击穿问题

提出了一种修正利用高斯波束传输高功率微波(High-Power Microwave,HPM)时的大气折射率的模型.在此模型中,把高斯波束横截面分成若干个同心圆环,并假定每一个同心圆环内的场强分布是均匀的.以基于电子流体力学方程和Maxwell方程的大气击穿理论,利用由实验数据拟合出来大气粒子的碰撞和大气电离参数,研究了高能量高斯波束的非线性传输,数值计算了在给定高斯波束参数时,在不同的压强下,波束以不同的电场强度、频率、脉冲宽度入射下的大气折射率.通过分析折射率的时间色散、空间色散以及时间空间色散,讨论了传输HPM脉冲的高斯波束的大气击穿问题,获得了一些有意义的结果.      

基于Fabry-Perot干涉仪气辉观测数据反演中性风速方法比较

利用半径法、完整傅里叶级数描述法和非线性回归法分别对安装在河北省境内国家天文台兴隆园区（40.2°N,117.4°E）的Fabry-Perot干涉仪（FPI）获得的地基中高层大气气辉观测数据进行风速反演.反演结果表明,半径法、完整傅里叶级数描述法和非线性回归法均能很好地反演风速,在误差范围内反演结果存在很好的一致性.相对于半径法和完整傅里叶级数描述法,非线性回归方法更完整地利用了观测数据信息,反演结果可信度较高.      

Validation of 9.6 μm ozone transmittances by spectral radiance satellite measurements

The accuracy of atmospheric transmittances is important in remote sensing applications. In this paper the atmospheric ozone transmittances in the 1042 cm^?1 ozone band were calculated for different temperatures and ozone profiles using line-by-line integration method. The absorption line parameters were taken from McClatchey's line parameter compilation. The transmittances were used to derive the main characteristics of the atmospheric ozone profile and the total ozone amount from radiance measurements of Meteor satellites.     

地基Headwall高谱影像大气校正方法

遥感影像大气校正是定量遥感研究的前提与难点之一.大气校正有多种方法和模型.本文研究了目前常用的大气校正方法,包括FLAASH模型、6S模型、ELC方法和QUAC方法,并应用这几种方法对Headwall野外高光谱成像仪获取的高光谱影像进行大气校正.通过对4种典型地物的表观反射率、校正后反射率以及实测反射率进行对比分析,发现4种模型均能有效去除大气的影响,能够较好地恢复地物光谱的典型特征.相对于其他3种大气校正方法,经验线性法对地基Headwall高光谱影像校正效果最好.      

Deriving remote sensing reflectance from turbid Case II waters using green-shortwave infrared bands based model

The objectives of this study are to validate the applicability of a shortwave infrared atmospheric correction model (SWIR-based model) in deriving remote sensing reflectance in turbid Case II waters, and to improve that model using a proposed green-shortwave infrared model (GSWIR-based model). In a GSWIR-based model, the aerosol type is determined by a SWIR-based model and the reflectance due to aerosol scattering is calculated using spectral slope technology. In this study, field measurements collected from three independent cruises from two different Case II waters were used to compare models. The results indicate that both SWIR- and GSWIR-based models can be used to derive the remote sensing reflectance at visible wavelengths in turbid Case II waters, but GSWIR-based models are superior to SWIR-based models. Using the GSWIR-based model decreases uncertainty in remote sensing reflectance retrievals in turbid Case II waters by 2.6–12.1%. In addition, GSWIR-based model’s sensitivity to user-supplied parameters was determined using the numerical method, which indicated that the GSWIR-based model is more sensitive to the uncertainty of spectral slope technology than to that of aerosol type retrieval methodology. Due to much lower noise tolerance of GSWIR-based model in the blue and near-infrared regions, the GSWIR-based model performs poorly in determining remote sensing reflectance at these wavelengths, which is consistent with the GSWIR-based model’s accuracy evaluation results.     

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System，GNSS）掩星大气探测技术的兴起，GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位，但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求，未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源，开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以世界气象组织发布的大气海洋数据需求为参考，提出新一代GNSS遥感探测星座任务需求与设计约束.在理想大气模型假设下，利用几何解析方法研究了探测卫星星座构型参数对探测性能的影响，并建立了新一代GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计基本准则.以风云卫星为子星座，给出了星座规模同为40颗的三种GNSS遥感探测微纳卫星星座设计方案.研究结果表明，具备该规模的探测星座可满足数值天气预报等气象应用的最低数据需求，三种构型方案中，由高、中、低倾角三组Walker子星座与风云卫星子星座组建的GNSS遥感探测星座探测性能最优.      

气象卫星遥感海面温度的资料处理方法

气象卫星遥感海面温度的资料处理关键环节是云检测(筛选晴空区)和大气削弱订正。目前卫星气象中心的卫星海面温度处理业务系统中,针对美国的NOAA 卫星是利用国际上普遍使用的红外窗区多通道法。对于中国发射的风云一号(FY-1)气象卫星,由于星载辐射计只有一个红外窗区通道能用于大气削弱订正,为此专门开发了单通道海面温度处理方法。文章介绍了两种方法的基本原理、算法和处理结果举例,并对两种方法的特点作了简要评价。     

Observations of the ozone and nitrogen dioxide profiles in the TROICA-4 experiment

To investigate the vast area of Russia, a mobile scientific facility based in a railway carriage was developed. It is capable to perform continues measurements being coupled in a passenger train traveling along railroads. It was first equipped with a spectrometer for remote sensing of ozone and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere for the transcontinental observations into the chemistry of the atmosphere-4 expedition performed from February 18 to March 5, 1998. A twilight DOAS method, which was applied for retrieval of the nitrogen dioxide profiles basing on spectral measurements at the visible wavelengths (434–451 nm), is described in the paper. Main features of a new algorithm for retrieval of the ozone profile and total content using the differential structure of the UV spectrum (310–335 nm) are presented. The ozone and nitrogen dioxide contents are obtained and shortly validated against available alternative data.     

高光谱遥感地形影响建模与仿真

针对地形起伏对高光谱遥感图像几何变形和辐射变化的影响,建立高光谱遥感地形影响模型.该模型利用传感器位置、姿态和视场角建立模拟图像像元坐标和地面空间坐标之间的成像几何关系,利用地表反射率、数字高程模型等数据,考虑大气辐射传输过程,计算起伏地形下传感器入瞳辐亮度图像,并经过空间分辨率转换,生成最终遥感模拟图像,实现高光谱遥感地形影响精确建模.利用西藏驱龙地区Hyperion数据和其它相关数据进行仿真分析,将模拟图像和原始图像进行对比,结果比较吻合,表明该模型具有较好的模拟效果.     

利用曙暮气晖反演中层臭氧的可行性

利用1.27μm曙暮气晖反演大气O₃是中间层03含量的重要测量方法.本文研究了1.27μm地面曙暮气晖所包含的独立信息参量、可测量高度和垂直分辨率;讨论了光化学参量、大气参量不定性的影响和对中间层O₃含量变化的灵敏度.结果指出,利用这一方法可以给出60－90km高度的大气O₃含量,光化模式参量不定性的影响约为10％.      

Bayesian approach to retrieval of vertical ozone profile from radiometry data

A technique for retrieving vertical distributions (profiles) of atmospheric gas constituents from data of passive remote sensing of the atmosphere is proposed. The goal of the technique based on the statistical (Bayesian) approach to solution of inverse problems is construction of probability distribution for a sought quantity throughout the interval of the studied heights. It is assumed that initial data contain measurement noise, and a priori information about properties of the profile is used. It is proposed to approximate the sought profile by a function in the form of an artificial neural network. This approximation allows optimal inclusion of a priori information into retrieval procedure, thus ensuring the most effective regularization of the problem. Efficiency of the proposed technique is demonstrated on an example of retrieval of vertical ozone profile from data of ground-based sounding of the atmosphere in the millimeter wavelength range. Results of profile retrieval from model data and from spectra of radiation temperature of the atmosphere measured in the Apatity (67° N, 33° E) in the winter of 2002–2003 are presented.     

Biologically weighted measurement of UV radiation in space and on Earth with the biofilm technique.

Biological dosimetry has provided experimental proof of the high sensitivity of the biologically effective UVB doses to changes in atmospheric ozone and has thereby confirmed the predictions from model calculations. The biological UV dosimeter 'biofilm' whose sensitivity is based on dried spores of B. subtilis as UV target weights the incident UV radiation according to its DNA damaging potential. Biofilm dosimetry was applicated in space experiments as well as in use in remote areas on Earth. Examples are long-term UV measurements in Antarctica, measurements of diurnal UV profiles parallel in time at different locations in Europe, continuous UV measurements in the frame of the German UV measurement network and personal UV dosimetry. In space biofilms were used to determine the biological efficiency of the extraterrestrial solar UV, to simulate the effects of decreasing ozone concentrations and to determine the interaction of UVB and vitamin D production of cosmonauts in the MIR station.