“8785”返地卫星搭载对卤虫卵发育影响的研究

将我国所产卤虫(Artemia salina)的卵,由1987年8月5日发射的返地卫星搭载,在空间飞行5天。于飞行完成后第8、21、24、34及66天,随机取卵进行人工孵化及发育观察。见到的主要现象有:(1)飞行卵的早期发育进程显著变慢;(2)随着回收后时间的延长,飞行卵的早期发育速度出现回升的趋势;(3)飞行卵早期发育中的冒出率和孵出率一般都比地面对照组的低,且随着回收后时间的延长,有继续下降的趋势;(4)飞行卵孵出的卤虫,自孵出第1天至接近全部自然死亡的23天内,存活率的下降情况与地面对照组的没有差异。本文提出一种空间飞行因素对卤虫卵损伤的“临界程度”的假设。实验还表明,我国所产的卤虫卵对空间飞行因素的作用是敏感的,是一种空间生物学研究的好材料。      

阿里安-4火箭发射两颗卫星

阿里安空间公司到4月初连续3次发射卫星成功。1月发射国际通信卫星V-F15;3月发射日本通信卫星和欧空局气象卫星,4月初发射瑞典的通信和电视卫星。这8次发射成功增强了阿里安公司的信心。阿里安火箭第29次飞行发射了2颗卫星。由于250名发射人员要求每月增加200美元的工资,举行了一次罢工,加上火箭出现机械故障,使60米高的阿里安-4火箭推迟了6天发射。     

日本第一次材料实验的34项课题

日本对空间开发,特别是空间利用表现出极大的兴趣,早在1980年,日本就利用 TT-500A 火箭进行了小规模的半导体材料实验,获得了极其满意的成果。到1983年8月为止,日本利用 TT-500A 共进行了6次实验(表1),这6次实验中除第2、3次因火箭回收失败外,其余4次均非常成功。实验是在火箭上的电炉和聚焦炉中进行的,每     

1983—1985年阿里安火箭预计发射的卫星

不久前,欧空局(ESA)和法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)联合宣布:“1983年6月3日阿里安火箭将进行第6次飞行。”预计发射的卫星是欧洲通信卫星组织的ECSl和西德的无线电业余爱好者卫星A-msat/Oscar10。与此同时,ESA和CNES还决定,继阿里安第六次(L6)发射之后,将在L7-L9三次发射期间,连续把国际通信卫星组织的三颗Intelsat5飞行星送入静止转移轨道。从1984年3月起开始发射阿里安3型(L10),1985年12月开始发射阿里安4型(L23)。ESA和CNES预计,1983年阿里     

日本已确定SFU的在轨实验计划

由日本文部省宇宙科学研究所、通产省和宇宙开发事业团共同研制的实验和观测两用小型空间自由飞行器(SFU),已顺利进入飞行样机的研制阶段。SFU是一个形状小(呈直径4.46m、高2.8m的炸面圈形结构)、重量轻(发射时4吨,回收时3.2吨)、有效载荷比高(1.2吨以上)、采用模块化和标准化设计(共10个模块)、多功能、可反复使用的空间自由飞行器。许多航天专家都在关注着日本的这个小自由飞行器的研制和在轨实验情况。关于SFU的结构、控制、交会、回收等已陆续做过介绍。这里重点介绍SFU的第1次、第2次在轨飞行实验计划。 SFU用H-Ⅱ火箭发射,在轨完成预定     

祖父航天员的感受

格奥尔吉·格列奇科是一位物理学博士,1931年5月25日生于列宁格勒。1975年1月参加“联盟17”飞船飞行,并与“礼炮4”号空间站对接,飞行29天。1977年12月10日乘“联盟26”号飞船与“礼炮—6”号空间站对接,与同伴尤里·罗曼年科在轨道上度过了96天,打破了当时由美国“天空实验室”4号机组人员创下的84天的飞行记录。1985年9月第二次上天飞行,“联盟T14”号飞船与“礼炮7—联盟T13”联合体对接,飞行8天。这时,他可能是世界上第一位祖父航天员。     

2002年总目次

.担毗困2一18五位航天专家当选院士2一19固体火箭的妙用 —人工降雨和防雹/王铮3一10俯看人间逾二载资源一号不 言累/孙宏金3一13资源一号带来的新技术4一15“香港星”在京签署/时旭4一16中国成功研制灵巧太空手浒彤5一封二总书记送飞船/时旭5一2神舟第三次启程/时旭5一4放飞/时旭5一5天上最美的星/闻扬扬5一6海上追飞船5一7火球落草原/刘程5一8中国太空实验室上的乘客6一封二中国空间技术研究院6一2精心构筑安全的太空卧室/石磊6一10目击飞船回农场/王朋6一13飞船里的搭载物何处去了/时旭 左赛春6一16海洋一号“蓝色经济”的呼唤/6一18三星…     

CNES的7名实验者和工程师

继成功地与苏联(联盟 T6—礼炮7)及美国(发现者飞行)合作进行科学飞行后,法国 CNES 试图在生命科学,材料科学、微重力条件下制造药品等科学实验领域进行一番努力,计划在1985—1991年间进行4—5次飞行。这些飞行都需要航天飞机上载有实验者或工程师。为此目的,CNES选择了3名工程师和4名实验者,他们将接受 CNES 的训练,以便从1987年开始参加航天飞机或联盟/礼炮号的飞行。     

2012年的欧洲航天活动

2012年,欧洲航天活动进展的很顺利,成功进行了8次发射,居世界第四,并有几个第一问世,例如,成功发射了首枚"织女星"(Vega)小型火箭,它与阿里安-5(Ariane-5)大型火箭和欧版"联盟"中型火箭形成互补,填补了欧洲小型运载火箭的空白;法国首颗第4代"斯波特"(SPOT)资源卫星—斯波特-6入轨,它具有质量轻、寿命长和分辨率高的优点。     

回眸起跑线

今年9月21日,是中国载人航天工程立项20周年纪念日。20年间,从无人飞行到载人飞行,从一人一天到多人多天,从舱内实验到太空行走,从单船飞行到组合体稳定运行……中国已成功发射了9艘飞船、1个目标飞行器,4次把航天员送上太空,成为世界上第三个独立掌握载人航天基础技术的国家,建立了比较完整的载人航天体系。本刊特以图文并茂的方式展示这一代号为"921"工程的由来、壮丽航程和收获,祝福中国载人航天事业拥有更美好的明天。     

Effect of microgravity on primordial germ cells (PGCs) in silk chicken offspring (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of germline cells, display a variety of antigens during their migration to target gonads. Here, we used silk chicken offspring (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos subjected to space microgravity to investigate the influence of microgravity on PGCs. The ShenZhou-3 unmanned spaceship carried nine fertilized silk chicken eggs, named the flight group, returned to Earth after 7 days space flight. And the control group has the same clan with the flight group. PGCs from flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos were examined during migration by using two antibodies (2C9 and anti-SSEA-1), in combination with the horseradish peroxidase detection system, and using periodic acid-Schiff’s solution (PAS) reaction. After incubation for about 30 h, SSEA-1 and 2C9 positive cells were detected in the germinal crescent of flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos. After incubation of eggs for 2–2.5 days, SSEA-1 and 2C9 positive cells were detected in embryonic blood vessels of flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos. After incubation of eggs for 5.5 days, PGCs in the dorsal mesentery and gonad could also be identified in flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos by using SSEA-1 and 2C9 antibodies. Based on location and PAS staining, these cells were identified as PGCs. Meanwhile, at the stage of PGCs migration and then becoming established in the germinal ridges, no difference in SSEA-1 or 2C9 staining was detected between female and male PGCs in flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos. Although there were differences in the profiles of PGC concentration between male and female embryos during the special circulating stage, changing profile of PGCs concentration was similar in same sex between flight and control group offspring embryos. We concluded that there is little effect on PGCs in offspring embryos of microgravity-treated chicken and that PGC development appears to be normal.     

Development of space-fertilized eggs and formation of primordial germ cells in the embryos of Medaka fish.

In the second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) mission in 1994, four small Japanese killifish (Medaka, Oryzias latipes) made a space travel of 15 days aboard a space shuttle. These four adult Medaka fish successfully mated in space for the first time among vertebrate animals. Moreover, the eggs they laid developed normally, at least in their external appearance, hatching as fry (baby fish) in space. Fish mated and laid eggs every day during the first week. Near the end of the mission most of the eggs had a well-developed body with two pigmented eyes. In total, 43 eggs were laid (detected), out of which 8 fry hatched in space, as truly 'space-originated' babies. A further 30 fry hatched within 3 days after landing. This is the normal hatching rate, compared with the ground-based data. Among the 8 space-originated fry, four were killed for histological sections, and germ cells at the gonadal region were counted for each fry. Their numbers were in the range of the germ cells of the normal control fry (ground-kept samples). Thus, as embryos developed normally in their external appearance, inside the embryos the formation of primordial germ cells took place normally in space, and their migration to the genital ridges was not hindered by microgravity. The two of the remaining space-originated fry have grown up and been creating their offspring in the laboratory. This proved that the primordial germ cells formed in space were also normal from a functional point of view. The four space-travelled adult fish re-started mating and laying eggs on the 7th day after landing and continued to do so every day afterward. Fertilization rate and hatchability of these eggs were as high as the eggs laid by the laboratory-kept fish. This fact implies that in gametogenesis of adult fish, there are no specific stages of germ cells extremely susceptible to microgravity.     

A direct approach to the study of the effect of gravity on axis formation in birds.

A system has been developed to enable the normal development of aborted very early uterine avian embryos, outside the female's uterus. The shell-less aborted egg was put into a foster shell of a sister egg, previously laid by the same female. The empty space between the shell and aborted egg was filled with artificial uterine fluid. The reconstructed eggs were incubated at 42 degrees C for 30 hours in a vertical position. The atmosphere contained a high concentration of CO2 (8-10%). At the termination of the 30 h the eggs were transferred to incubation at 37 degrees C in normal atmospheric conditions. Normal development has been recorded for a certain percentage of eggs incubated up to 12 days. In other cases abnormalities, arrested development or development of extraembryonic membranes only, without a sign of an embryonic axis, have been observed. The three important conclusions from the above experiments were: 1. It is possible to develop a closed, self-contained system, disconnected from the female's body, that would support the development of early uterine embryos. 2. The incidence of embryo-less extraembryonic membranes in such a system, is correlated with the degree of detachment of the "yolk" from the outer envelopes. 3. Such a system can be further developed into an experiment suited for microgravity conditions which will be an alternative to an experiment with live birds. The experiment will be aimed at testing the importance of gravity in changing the radially symmetrical avian blastoderm into a bilaterally symmetrical blastoderm.     

Formation of otoconia in the Japanese red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster.

Pre-mated adult female newts and fertilized eggs will be flown on the International Microgravity Laboratory-2 flight, in 1994. One objective of the flight will be to observe the influence of microgravity on the development of the gravity-sensing organs in the inner ear. These organs contain sensory hair cells covered by a layer of dense stones (otoconia). Gravity and linear acceleration exert forces on these masses, leading to excitation of the nerve fibers innervating the hair cells. If the production of the otoliths is regulated to reach an optimal weight, their development might be abnormal in microgravity. Ground-based control experiments are reported describing the developmental sequence in which both the otoliths and their associated sensory epithelium and the semicircular canals appear and develop. Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial sections through the otic vesicle of newt embryos at stages 31 through 58 demonstrate the first appearance, relative position and growth of the otoliths. Reports of experiments in which fertilized frog eggs were flown on a Russian Cosmos mission conclude that the utricular otolith is increased in volume, whereas the saccular otolith maintains normal size, suggesting that at least in the utricle, the weight of the otolith might be regulated.     

CREAM: 70 days of flight from 2 launches in Antarctica

The Cosmic-Ray Energetics And Mass balloon-borne experiment has been launched twice in Antarctica, first in December 2004 and again in December 2005. It circumnavigated the South Pole three times during the first flight, which set a flight duration record of 42 days. A cumulative duration of 70 days within 13 months was achieved when the second flight completed 28 days during two circumnavigations of the Pole on 13 January 2006. Both the science instrument and support systems functioned extremely well, and a total 117 GB of data including 67 million science events were collected during these two flights. Preliminary analysis indicates that the data extend well above 100 TeV and follow reasonable power laws. The payload recovered from the first flight has been refurbished for the third flight in 2007, whereas the payload from the second flight is being refurbished to be ready for the fourth flight in 2008. Each flight will extend the reach of precise cosmic-ray composition measurements to energies not previously possible.     

空间重粒子击中卤虫卵的定位技术及其生物效应

为了能够估价空间重粒子对单个生物细胞的放射生物学效应,我们设计、制成了卤虫卵-核乳胶夹层式生物包.经搭载我国“8885”卫星飞行数天后回收.用图象分析仪研究了空间重离子在核乳胶上留下的径迹及其分布;并实验观察了卤虫卵的前期发育情况.看到:随星飞行过的卤虫卵与地面对照组相比,其发育能力明显降低,表现为孵化率低且发育时间推迟.实验表明:生物样品板-核乳胶影象定位技术能清楚而比较准确地给出卤虫卵(或其他生物细胞)受重离子作用的信息,是重离子生物效应及其作用机理研究的可行实验手段及分析方法之一.     

Possible mechanism of microgravity impact on Carausius morosus ontogenesis.

Experiments aboard "Spacelab-D1" and "Cosmos-1887" revealed an adverse effect of space flight on Carausius morosus embryos. The main influencing factor for stick insect eggs turned out to be microgravity, while the contribution of HZE particles of cosmic radiation was relatively low. Flight experiments indicated an increased vulnerability of stick insect eggs to microgravity at intermediate stages of development, that could support the "convection" hypothesis.     

Microgravity effects on Drosophila melanogaster development and aging: comparative analysis of the results of the Fly experiment in the Biokosmos 9 biosatellite flight.

The results are presented of the exposure of Drosophila melanogaster to microgravity conditions during a 15-day biosatellite flight, Biokosmos 9, in a joint ESA-URSS project. The experimental containers were loaded before launch with a set of Drosophila melanogaster Oregon R larvae so that imagoes were due to emerge half-way through the flight. A large number of normally developed larvae were recovered from the space-flown containers. These larvae were able to develop into normal adults confirming earlier results that Drosophila melanogaster of a wild-type constitution can develop normally in the absence of gravity. However, microgravity exposure clearly enhances the number of growing embryos laid by the flies and possibly slows down the developmental pace of the microgravity-exposed animals. Due to some problems in the experimental set-up, this slowing down needs to be verified in future experiments. No live adult that had been exposed to microgravity was recovered from the experiment, so that no life span studies could be carried out, but adult males emerged from the recovered embyros showed a slight shortening in life span and a lower performance in other experimental tests of aging. This agrees with the results of previous experiments performed by our groups.     

Space flight experiment on Chinese silkworm on board the Russian 10th Biosatellite.

Space flight experiments on Chinese silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) were conducted on board the Russian 10th Biosatellite for 12 days. The samples included silkworm eggs, larvae, cocoons, pupae and moths. The processes of spinning, cocooning, mating, oviposition, larval hatching, pupation and moth emergence all completed well in space. The following effects of space flight on silkworm development were observed: The times of hatching and oviposition in the flight group were 2 to 3 days earlier than in the control group; the hatching rate of diapause eggs during space flight seemed higher than that of the control group; the life span of 2 of the 7 varieties flown was shortened; genetical variations appeared in 3 varieties. The results showed that the embryonic stage was probably the period most sensitive to the space flight environment.     

基于启发式遗传算法的模糊测试样本集优化方案

模糊测试作为当前最有效的漏洞挖掘方法，不仅比其他漏洞挖掘技术更能应对复杂的程序，而且可扩展性很强。在数据量相对较大的测试中，模糊测试输入样本集存在质量低、冗余性高和可用性弱等问题。因此，对模糊测试输入样本集进行研究，提出了启发式遗传算法，借助0-1矩阵，通过启发式遗传算法对样本的执行路径进行选取和压缩，从而获得优化后兼顾样本质量的样本集最小样本集合，进而加快模糊测试的效率。实验结果表明:在没有损失的情况下，样本集精简后模糊测试的时间比精简前降低了22%，压缩率相比传统方案提升约40%。