“8785”返地卫星搭载对卤虫卵发育影响的研究

将我国所产卤虫(Artemia salina)的卵,由1987年8月5日发射的返地卫星搭载,在空间飞行5天。于飞行完成后第8、21、24、34及66天,随机取卵进行人工孵化及发育观察。见到的主要现象有:(1)飞行卵的早期发育进程显著变慢;(2)随着回收后时间的延长,飞行卵的早期发育速度出现回升的趋势;(3)飞行卵早期发育中的冒出率和孵出率一般都比地面对照组的低,且随着回收后时间的延长,有继续下降的趋势;(4)飞行卵孵出的卤虫,自孵出第1天至接近全部自然死亡的23天内,存活率的下降情况与地面对照组的没有差异。本文提出一种空间飞行因素对卤虫卵损伤的“临界程度”的假设。实验还表明,我国所产的卤虫卵对空间飞行因素的作用是敏感的,是一种空间生物学研究的好材料。      

微重力环境下植物培养箱设计

基于空间微重力下植物的生物学效应及其微重力信号转导研究需要,在微重力条件下培养拟南芥,获得经微重力条件生长的拟南芥样品.在空间实验过程中实时采集、存储和传输植物样品的数字图像,并根据生物样品的生长周期对生物样品进行低温固定和储存,再由返回式卫星带回地面,开展微重力植物生物学效应研究.      

卤虫卵发育的“8799”卫星搭载实验及初步分析

国产卤虫(Artemia salina)卵经“8799”卫星搭载空间飞行8天,回收后155天内定期随机取卵,行人工孵化及发育观察.结果是:(1)观察到飞行卵早期发育速度显著延缓,及随回收后卵保存时间的延长呈现恢复的趋势;(2)飞行卵总孵出率及孵出卤虫的存活情况与现场对照组相似;(3)地面超重力模拟实验未显示其对卤虫胚胎发育的明显影响.作者强调了现场对照的必要性,并考虑到空间飞行中微重力的可能重要作用.     

SRAM型FPGA单粒子翻转效应加固方法

应用重离子加速器和皮秒脉冲激光器开展Virtex-Ⅱ FPGA（Field Programmable Gate Array）单粒子效应加固方法有效性研究.实验结果表明,同时应用三模冗余和动态刷新加固方法能够完全纠正单粒子效应产生的功能错误.实验获得数据加密算法在不同单粒子效应加固方法下功能错误截面,发现少量的存储位翻转就可以导致程序功能错误;程序功能对存储位翻转较敏感.分析Virtex-Ⅱ FPGA不同加固方法在不同卫星轨道的有效性,同时应用动态刷新和三模冗余加固方法,可以完全校正由于存储位翻转造成的功能错误.重离子加速器和脉冲激光器实验结果同时表明,脉冲激光可以模拟重离子加速器研究单粒子效应加固方法有效性.     

空间粒子环境对单粒子效应影响的比较

空间的高能重离子和高能质子都能引起单粒子效应。几种典型环境中的重离子和质子对不同器件单粒子效应的影响的比较表明，在地磁捕获质子强度较大的区域，捕获质子对单粒子效应的作用必须考虑；而在该区域以外，对单粒子效应的发生有显著影响的是宇宙射线的重离子而不是占绝大多数的质子。     

K6R4016V1D芯片在低地球轨道发生单粒子效应频次的分析

俄罗斯福布斯-土壤火星探测器于2011年11月9日携带中国首个火星探测器萤火一号进入低地球轨道(LEO),但原定于159min后探测器在轨发动机点火变轨未能实施,最终探测计划失败.俄罗斯航天局研究分析认为,事故最可能是由于宇宙线重离子轰击星载计算机存储器件,导致两台计算机重启所致.但是抗辐射专家对空间辐射粒子会在如此短时间内通过单粒子效应(SEE)导致LEO探测器失效的观点并不认同.本文根据俄罗斯航天局发布的受影响器件信息,通过实验和计算,分析了K6R4016V1D芯片在低地球轨道运行时可能遇到的空间辐射粒子诱发单粒子效应的频次,探讨了单粒子效应导致福布斯-土壤火星探测器失效的可能性.      

空间高能粒子与器件布线层核反应后次级粒子LET分布研究

空间高能质子和重离子是导致元器件发生单粒子效应的根本原因,为准确评估元器件在轨遭遇的单粒子效应风险,必须清楚高能质子、重离子与器件材料发生核反应的物理过程及生成的次级重离子LET（Line EnergyTransfer）分布规律。针对典型CMOS工艺器件模拟计算了不同能量质子和氦核粒子在器件灵敏单元内产生的反冲核、平均能量及线性能量转移值,并分析了半导体器件金属布线层中重金属对次级重离子LET分布的影响规律。计算结果表明：高能粒子与器件相互作用后产生大量次级重离子,且高能质子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～25MeV·cm²/mg;高能氦核粒子作用后产生的次级粒子的LET值主要分布为0～35 MeV·cm²/mg;有重金属钨（W）存在时能提高次级粒子的LET值,增加了半导体器件发生单粒子效应的概率,该研究结果可为元器件单粒子效应风险分析、航天器抗单粒子效应指标确定提供重要依据。     

由地面宇宙线中子强度反演空间质子和重离子的分布

采用线性回归的方法研究了太阳活动平静时期空间高能质子和重离子微分通量与地面OULU宇宙线台站中子强度之间的相关性,利用地面中子强度数据来反演空间高能质子和重离子通量.从质子和重离子的能谱出发,结合OULU台站中子强度的数据,提出了由地面中子强度数据反演空间高能质子和重离子微分通量的新方法.文中以GOES卫星上350～420 MeV,420～510 MeV,510～700 MeV,＞700 MeV(P8～P11)四能道的高能质子和ACE卫星上的元素C为例,并将反演的数据与测量结果比较,二者符合较好.为了探索这种反演方法在空间辐射环境描述中的应用,同时利用2006年11月和12月质子通量的反演结果对反演方法进行了验证,证明利用这一反演方法可以从地面中子强度的数据很好地反演出空间质子和重离子的微分通量.      

空间小鼠实验有效载荷研究进展

啮齿动物是空间研究中常见的模型对象，已开展的空间生物实验中，小鼠表现出对飞行条件的有效适应.通过空间培养，研究者可对失重环境下小鼠的生理行为、骨骼和神经系统变化做进一步研究分析.本文对空间小鼠实验有效载荷的研究进展及其空间飞行实验进行了概述，为中国空间站上的小鼠培养箱设计提供参考.概述了地面小鼠培养技术和装置，为空间小鼠实验有效载荷设计提供地面对照；从实验研究内容和硬件系统设计两方面介绍了国际上已开展的空间小鼠实验，为中国空间生命科学研究和工程研制提供参考；对于中国发展空间小鼠实验有效载荷提出了建议.      

A1CuMgZn单晶合金的空间凝固

重力对合金凝固过程与缺陷形成具有重要影响.在常规地面条件下难以清晰揭示凝固过程中的重力效应及其作用规律,而在微重力环境中重力对熔体的作用以及对凝固过程的影响大大降低.利用天宫二号空间实验并结合地面对比实验,研究AlCuMgZn单晶合金在微重力和重力环境下枝晶生长形貌和特征参数差异以及成分偏析和缺陷形成的异同,揭示重力对枝晶生长过程和成分偏析等现象的影响及其在凝固缺陷形成中的作用.     

Results on Artemia cysts, lettuce and tobacco seeds in the Biobloc 4 experiment flown aboard the Soviet Biosatellite Cosmos 1129.

Artemia cysts, lettuce and tobacco seeds were flown aboard the Cosmos 1129 for 19 days. A correlative method was used in order to determine the passage of cosmic heavy ions (HZE particles) through the biological test objects. This space flight resulted in a decrease on hatchability, nucleic acid and protein synthesis in hydrated Artemia cysts. HZE particle effects on plant cellular chromosomes are confirmed. In tobacco seeds, a stimulating effect on germination rate and a higher frequency of abnormalities were observed. Dormant biological objects are a very suitable material to study cosmic ray effects: these objects can be arranged in monolayers and sandwiched between visual track detectors in order to determine the passage of the cosmic heavy ions (HZE particles). On the other hand this method allows us to study effects of microgravity and those of the protonic component of cosmic rays in the objects not hit by the HZE articles.     

Influence of cosmic radiation and/or microgravity on development of Carausius morosus.

Eggs of Carausius morosus were exposed to spaceflight conditions in two spaceflight missions, the German 7 day Spacelab Mission D1 and the Soviet 12.56 day Biosatellite Mission "COSMOS 1887". During spaceflight the eggs continued their development. Eggs of five different ages representing different sensitivity to radiation and different capacity to regeneration were used to investigate the influence of cosmic radiation and/or microgravity on insect development. Using the Biostack concept--eggs in monolayers sandwiched between nuclear track detectors--and the 1 g reference centrifuge of BIORACK in D1 we were able to separate effects of heavy ions of the cosmic radiation from microgravity effects and also from combined effects of these two factors in space. After retrieval, hatching rates, embryonic and larval growth kinetics and anomaly frequencies were determined. Microgravity leads to a reduced hatching rate of eggs exposed in the early stages of development. Hatching was normal in eggs which were exposed on the 1 g reference centrifuge. Hits by heavy ions caused body anomalies. The combined action of heavy ions and microgravity resulted in an unexpectedly high frequency of anomalies. These results obtained from the Spacelab Mission D1, were confirmed in an experiment onboard of COSMOS 1887. In addition to the previous analysis, embryonic development before hatching was followed which showed no major difference between flight and the ground control specimens. Since a reconfirmation of reduced hatching rates was observed in COSMOS 1887, too, the above results suggest some microgravity induced functional impairment of the hatching activity, rather than blockage in embryonic development.     

On the quantitative interpretation of cellular heavy ion action.

Current analyses of heavy ion action assume that the survival probability of a cell hit by a heavy ion depends only on the energy absorbed in its critical site. It is known, however, that the efficiency to produce a biological effect depends also on the spatial pattern of energy deposition. This has to be included in the quantitative evaluation of heavy ion action. Based on recent models of lesion formation by ionizing radiation (Goodhead and Brenner, Phys. Med. Biol. 28, 485, 1983) data with lighter ions (LET < 500 keV/micrometer) were re-analysed. It is shown that the behaviour of various cell systems can be described by a common curve which can be used to estimate the contribution of "non-linear" components (i.e. where the distribution of energy deposition plays a role) with heavy ions. It is concluded that even with Uranium ions the regions of non-linear effects does not extend beyond 50 nm from the trade core. These data will be used to assess quantitatively survival curves obtained with very heavy ion exposure.     

Space flight experiment on Chinese silkworm on board the Russian 10th Biosatellite.

Space flight experiments on Chinese silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) were conducted on board the Russian 10th Biosatellite for 12 days. The samples included silkworm eggs, larvae, cocoons, pupae and moths. The processes of spinning, cocooning, mating, oviposition, larval hatching, pupation and moth emergence all completed well in space. The following effects of space flight on silkworm development were observed: The times of hatching and oviposition in the flight group were 2 to 3 days earlier than in the control group; the hatching rate of diapause eggs during space flight seemed higher than that of the control group; the life span of 2 of the 7 varieties flown was shortened; genetical variations appeared in 3 varieties. The results showed that the embryonic stage was probably the period most sensitive to the space flight environment.     

Mortality and morphological anomalies related to the passage of cosmic heavy ions through the smallest flowering aquatic plant Wolffia arrhiza

Radiobiological effects of single cosmic heavy ions on individual, actively metabolizing test organisms, plants of Wolffia arrhiza, have been explored in an experiment flown aboard the Russian Biosatellite 10. Mortality induced during space flight, population dynamics during subsequent cultivation, and morphological anomalies occurring in the plants of these cultures were investigated. Correlation of these effects with the passage of a heavy ion was achieved by inserting monolayers of plants in a stack of surrounding plastic nuclear track detectors (BIO-STACK). Enhanced initial mortality and delayed decline of induced anomalies have been significantly associated with the passage of single heavy ions, in particular if ions penetrated the budding region of the plants. The prolonged persistence of anomalies in filial generations as an indication of delayed genetic damage has been detected for the first time as the consequence of the hit by a single heavy ion. Regarding radiation protection of space crew during prolonged missions, especially outside the magnetosphere, this appears to be a significant finding.     

A model of the effects of heavy ion radiation on human tissue

In heavy ion radiotherapy and space travel humans are exposed to energetic heavy ions (C, Si, Fe and others). This type of irradiation often produces more severe biological effects per unit dose than more common X-rays. A new Monte Carlo model generates a physical space with the complex geometry of human tissue or a cell culture based model of tissue, which is affected by the passage of ionizing radiation. For irradiation, the model relies on a physical code for the ion track structure; for tissues, cellular maps are derived from two- or three-dimensional confocal microscopy images using image segmentation algorithm, which defines cells as pixilated volumes. The model is used to study tissue-specific statistics of direct ion hits and the remote ion action on cells. As an application of the technique, we considered the spatial pattern of apoptotic cells after heavy ion irradiation. The pattern of apoptosis is modeled as a stochastic process, which is defined by the action cross section taken from available experimental data. To characterize the degree of apoptosis, an autocorrelation function that describes the spatial correlation of apoptotic cells is introduced. The values of the autocorrelation function demonstrate the effect of the directionality of the radiation track on the spatial arrangements of inactivated cells in tissue. This effect is intrinsic only to high linear-energy-transfer radiation.     

Particle trajectories in seeds of Lactuca sativa and chromosome aberrations after exposure to cosmic heavy ions on Cosmos Biosatellites 8 and 9.

The potentially specific importance of the heavy ions of the galactic cosmic radiation for radiation protection in manned spaceflight continues to stimulate in situ, i.e., spaceflight experiments to investigate their radiobiological properties. Chromosome aberrations as an expression of a direct assault on the genome are of particular interest in view of cancerogenesis being the primary radiation risk for man in space. In such investigations the establishment of the geometrical correlation between heavy ions' trajectories and the location of radiation sensitive biological substructures is an essential task. The overall qualitative and quantitative precision achieved for the identification of particle trajectories in the order of approximately 10 micrometers as well as the contributing sources of uncertainties are discussed. We describe how this was achieved for seeds of Lactuca sativa as biological test organisms, whose location and orientation had to be derived from contact photographies displaying their outlines and those of the holder plates only. The incidence of chromosome aberrations in cells exposed during the COSMOS 1887 (Biosatellite 8) and the COSMOS 2044 (Biosatellite 9) mission was determined for seeds hit by cosmic heavy ions. In those seeds the incidence of both single and multiple chromosome aberrations was enhanced. The results of the Biosatellite 9 experiment, however, are confounded by spaceflight effects unrelated to the passage of heavy ions.     

Cell inactivation, repair and mutation induction in bacteria after heavy ion exposure: results from experiments at accelerators and in space.

To understand the mechanisms of accelerated heavy ions on biological matter, the responses of spores of B. subtilis to this structured high LET radiation was investigated applying two different approaches. 1) By the use of the Biostack concept, the inactivation probability as a function of radial distance to single particles' trajectory (i.e. impact parameter) was determined in space experiments as well as at accelerators using low fluences of heavy ions. It was found that spores can survive even a central hit and that the effective range of inactivation extends far beyond impact parameters where inactivation by delta-ray dose would be effective. Concerning the space experiment, the inactivation cross section exceeds those from comparable accelerator experiments by roughly a factor of 20. 2) From fluence effect curves, cross sections for inactivation and mutation induction, and the efficiency of repair processes were determined. They are influenced by the ions characteristics in a complex manner. According to dependence on LET, at least 3 LET ranges can be differentiated: A low LET range (app. < 200 keV/micrometers), where cross sections for inactivation and mutation induction follow a common curve for different ions and where repair processes are effective; an intermediate LET range of the so-called saturation cross section with negligible mutagenic and repair efficiency; and a high LET range (>1000 keV/micrometers) where the biological endpoints are majorly dependent on atomic mass and energy of the ion under consideration.     

Quantitative interpretation of heavy ions effects: models for the biological effects of heavy ions.

Heavy ions are an important part of space radiation. Although they contribute only about 1 percent in number the fraction in terms of energy deposited is much higher. Also the quality of radiation is different from the other components since the LET is generally quite high. This poses the problem of Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). It is considerably more important in space than on earth because shielding measures are costly and sometimes not even feasible. Radiation hazards appear to be the limiting factor In long term space flights and their evaluation constitutes a major task. There is still no general agreement about RBE of earthbound radiation, and even less concerning the biological weighting of very heavy and very energetic ions in space. Because of the lack of experimental data--particularly for risk estimates in humans-- theoretical approaches may be very helpful in this respect and provide the only means to judge the radiation protection situation in outer space. In order to be useful careful checks of their consistency are necessary. This paper summarizes some of the more common approaches in a critical manner. The unhappy conclusion at the end will be that at present it is not possible to understand even heavy ion action on survival quantitatively with an acceptable precision.     

Radiation biology in space: a critical review.

A short summary of the results of radiobiological studies in space or on respective particles on ground will be given. Among the various types of radiation in space, the effect of heavy ions with high energy (HZE-particles) are most essential. Thus, radiobiology in space concerns mostly to the effect of these particles, in cells and in whole organism. Cell death, mutation and malignant transformation are the relevant endpoints, with can be studied on ground with heavy ions of different energy with suitable accelerators or in space, especially by the BIOSTACK concept. In space, however, the effect of microgravity has to be considered as well and there are hints, that under weightlessness the biological effect of radiation may be enhanced. There are still open questions to be answered concerning radioprotection of man in space. Further experiments are necessary.