Bi_(1.9)Pb_(0.3)Sr_(2.0)Ca_(1.7)Mg_(0.3)Cu_(3.1)O_x 超导块材弱连接区的低磁场性

通过对在不同外磁场下Ｂｉ１．９Ｐｂ０．３Ｓｒ２．０Ｃａ１．７Ｍｇ０．３Ｃｕ３．１Ｏｘ超导块材的交流磁化率的测量，获得了样品内晶粒间和晶粒内对外场的不问响应范围．通过与粉状样品实验结果的比较和Ｘ光分析，认为块状样品在温度为１００Ｋ左右出现的抗磁台阶是样品内晶粒间超导弱连接的一种抗磁效应．对弱连接区有效钉扎力Ｆｐ和临界电流密度Ｊｃ与外场Ｈ的关系进行了讨论．     

熔盐反应法生长Bi－Pb－Sr－Ca－Cu－O系超导单晶

利用熔盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶．这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％．利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究．     

熔盐反应法生长Bi—Pb—Sr—Ca—Cu—O系超导单晶

利用烷盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶，这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ）２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％，利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究。     

磁场计量与测试系统

提出了一整套中强磁场和弱磁场的计量与测试系统，利用原了核磁在外磁场中的塞曼效应制成的核磁共振磁强计，可以测量１×１０＾－３Ｔ到十几特斯拉的中强磁场，不确定度高达１０＾－９－１０＾－１０，利用霍尔效应制成的高斯计，不确定定度为１０＾－２－－＾１０－３，其价格低廉，使用方便，可适用于计量准确度要求不太高的小范围内的磁场，利用超声技术发展起来的超量子干涉器件（ＳＱＵＩＤ）能分辩０＾－１５Ｔ的超弱磁场和单     

高TcBi—Pb—Sr—Cu—Ca—O系氧化物超导材料的Meissner效…

对高ＴｃＢｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｃｕ－Ｃａ－Ｏ系氧化物超导材料的多晶块状，多晶粉末状和单昌等三种样吕的Ｍｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ的效应和磁屏蔽效应进行了仔细测量和分析。块状样品具有较强的磁屏蔽能力，在ＺＦＣ和ＦＣ两种过程中的超导体的体积比之差最大约１０％左右；粉末样品和单昌样品的磁屏蔽能力很小。     

日提出地球观测卫星群新构思

最近，日本研究了世界上各国提出的多种小型对地观测卫星方案，提出了今后小型卫星与大型卫星互补的新思路，并正在加紧研制干涉测量双星合成孔径雷达卫星系统（ＳＩＤＵＳＳ：ＳＡＲＩｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｍｅｔｒｙＤｕａｌＳａｔｅｌ－ｌｉｔｅＳｙｓｔｅｍ）和国内城市区域观测卫星（ＤＵＯＳ：ＤｏｍｅｓｔｉｃＵｒｅａＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎＳａｔｅｌ－ｌｉｔｅ），用以组成卫星观测群，提高对地观测效果。１．干涉测量双星合成孔径雷达卫星系统（ＳＩＤＵＳＳ）它是利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术，由相距一定距离的轨道上的两颗卫星，…     

美国“地球观测系统”卫星参数表

美国“地球观测系统”卫星参数见表１。表１　“地球观测系统”参数表卫星ＥＯＳ－ＡＭＥＯＳ－ＰＭＥＯＳ－ＣＯＬＯＲＥＯＳ－ＡＥＲＯＥＯＳ－ＡＬＴＥＯＳ－ＣＨＥＭ科学用途测量地表、云、气溶胶和辐射收支特性测量云、降水和辐射收支、地面雪和海冰、海面温度和海洋生产率研究海洋生物量和生产率观测大气和气溶胶测量海平面高度、洋流和冰层质量测量大气化学成分及其传输过程、海洋现象有效载荷ＡＳＴＥＲ，ＣＥＲＥＳ，ＭＯＤＩＳ，ＭＩＳＲ，ＭＯＰＩＴＴＡＩＲＳ／ＡＭＳＵ／ＭＨＳ，ＭＯＤＩＳ，ＣＥＲＥＳ，ＭＩＭＲＳｅａＷＩＦ…     

上海市UFO研究会简介

ＵＦＯ是２０世纪人类最大的自然之谜，它的出现可能宣布人类在宇宙中不再孤独！因此，它的意义是全球性的。上海市ＵＦＯ研究会（ＳＵＲＯ－ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＵＦＯＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＯｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）是上海地区的ＵＦＯ民间科研团体，成立于１９８１年４月１５日。现有会员１５０人以上，主要来自科研单位、高等院校以及机关企事业单位等各行各业，遍布上海市及周围邻近地区。其中，大专文化程度以上者占８０％。现任理事长为上海飞机研究所吴嘉禄高级工程师，副理事长为杨惠民、陈志宏和包卫东，秘书长张明敏，副秘书长楼锦洪…     

高分辨力S波段雷达频率合成器

详细地介绍了２０３所研制的高分辨Ｓ波段雷达频率合成器的设计方案。在Ｓ波段１０％的带宽内，实现了１０Ｍ（１ＨＺ）的频率分辨力小于４０μＳ的频率捷变速度和－１０５ｄＢｃ／Ｈｚ的相位噪声。同时，提出一种可实现快速频率转换的直接数字频率合成器（ＤＤＦＳ），它具有极高的频率分辨力（０．１８μＨｚ）和密集通道间隔相适应的频率转换速度，同时具有低的相位噪声。对于设计中主要考虑的提高分辨力、降低相位噪声、提高捷变速度、电磁兼容及参考源ＤＤＦＳ进行了分析讨论，并介绍了频率合成器的测量方法。     

对10V直流电压参考标准校准方法的探讨

介绍３种校准１０Ｖ直流电压参考标准的方法，并对３种校准方法进行了详细的误差分析。第１种方法是由美国ＦＬＵＫＥ公司生产的３３５Ａ型直流标准电压源，７２０Ａ型Ｋ－Ｖ分压器，８４５ＡＲ型零值检测器和０．０００２级控温标准电池构成校准系统，其传递误差小于１×１０￣（－６）。在该方法中用英国ＤＡＴＲＯＮ公司的４０００Ａ型直流标准电压源取代３３５Ａ，其传递误差可降低到０．４×１０￣（－６）。第２种方法是由７２０Ａ型Ｋ－Ｖ分压器，８４５ＡＲ型零值检测器和０．０００２级控温电池构成校准系统，其传递误差小于０．３×１０￣（－６）。第３种方法是由３３５Ａ型直流标准电压源，７２０Ａ型Ｋ－Ｖ分压器、８４５ＡＲ型零值检测器，１５５型零值检测器和０．０００２级控温电池构成校准系统，其传递误差小于０．２×１０￣（－６）。在同样的条件下，对上述３种方法进行了比对（３种方法所用的标准电池为同一１０只组电池），比对结果表明，３种方法之间的误差小于０．３×１０￣（－６）。     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.