基于单频星载GPS数据的低轨卫星精密定轨

为满足搭载单频GPS接收机低轨卫星的精密定轨需求以及深化单频定轨研究,文中解决了单频星载GPS数据的周跳探测问题,并利用“海洋二号”（HY-2A）卫星及“资源三号”（ZY-3）卫星的单频星载GPS实测数据采用两种方法确定了二者的简化动力学轨道,并通过观测值残差分析、与双频精密轨道比较、激光测卫数据检核等方法对所得轨道精度进行评定。结果表明,在不考虑电离层延迟影响的情况下,HY-2A卫星定轨精度为2~3dm,ZY-3卫星为1m左右;而采用半和改正组合消除电离层延迟一阶项影响后,二者定轨精度均显著提高,HY-2A卫星三维精度提高至1dm左右,ZY-3卫星提高至1~2dm。文章的研究成果表明,搭载单频GPS接收机的低轨卫星也可获得厘米级的定轨精度。     

基于机动力模型的GEO卫星恢复期间定轨

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)中GEO卫星频繁的轨道机动对高精度、实时不间断的导 航服务需求提出了更高要求, 如何在短弧跟踪条件下提高GEO卫星轨道快速 恢复能力, 是提升导航系统服务精度的关键因素. 针对该问题, 本文提出了基 于机动力模型的动力学定轨方法, 尝试利用高精度的C波段转发式测距数据, 辅 以机动期间的遥测遥控信息建立机动力模型, 联合轨控前后的观测数据进行动 力学长弧定轨. 利用BDS中GEO卫星实测数据进行了定轨试验与分析, 结果表明, 恢复期间需要采用解算机动推力的定轨方法, 联合机动前、机动期间和机 动后4h数据定轨的轨道位置精度在20m量级, 径向精度优于2.5m. 该方 法克服了短弧跟踪条件下动力学法定轨和单点定位中的诸多问题, 提供了解决 GEO卫星机动后轨道快速恢复问题的技术方法.      

钟差和动力学参数联合约束下的北斗卫星轨道快速确定

受地球非球形引力、第三体摄动和太阳光压等摄动因素的影响,导航卫星位置存在长周期变化趋势,需要定期对导航卫星进行轨道机动,以保持卫星轨位和导航服务区.导航卫星机动后的定轨,特别是GEO卫星,其频繁轨控后的轨道快速确定问题,是制约卫星可用度和导航系统服务性能的重要因素.在基于伪距相位数据的轨道测定中,轨道与钟差的统计相关是制约卫星轨道快速确定的关键因素,特别是在观测弧段短的情况下,待估参数之间的相关性更强,动力学参数估计结果严重失真会导致轨道预报精度衰减明显.当卫星钟差与测站钟差通过外部手段高精度测定后,可以减少待估参数的估计,同时利用长弧定轨的动力学与运动学参数先验信息,对短弧定轨模式进行参数约束,卫星定轨精度将有很大的提升空间.通过钟差与力学参数的联合约束,实现了北斗卫星短弧快速定轨,解决了卫星机动后的轨道快速确定问题,SLR评估的卫星机动后4 h定轨外符视向精度优于0.71 m,比常规方法提高了3倍,预报1 h轨道视向精度为1.89 m,用户等效距离误差(UERE)精度达到1.85 m.     

基于固定模糊度PPP的低轨卫星实时精密定轨

传统动力学定轨法受制于动力学模型精度，传统几何定轨法精度受限，只能达到亚米级，而基于精密单点定位（PPP）模式的几何定轨法一般采用浮点解，定轨精度及可靠性较基于双差模式的相对定位较差。为提高PPP模式低轨定轨的定位性能，利用中国区域内外的IGS测站计算出当前所有卫星的宽巷和窄巷相位小数偏差产品，对经过中国大陆区域上空的国产低轨卫星海洋二号（HY-2）和资源三号 (ZY-3) 卫星进行固定模糊度PPP的定轨解算，与事后精密轨道结果进行比较，分析其外符合精度。结果表明：仅利用约10min弧段的HY-2和ZY-3卫星数据，切向与径向的定轨精度可达2cm左右，法向为5cm左右，较浮点解定轨精度大幅提升。基于固定模糊度PPP的定轨方法能够满足厘米级的实时精密定轨。     

附加先验轨道约束的LEO几何法实时精密定轨验证分析

低轨卫星的实时精密定轨能够极大拓展其完成复杂科学任务的能力,例如实时环境监测、机动控制和卫星自主导航等.本文根据几何法实时精密定轨模型,提出了附加LEO先验轨道约束从而改善实时定轨的精度、收敛速度和稳定性的构想.分别采用广播星历、超快速星历预报部分和实时精密星历,设计了6种实时定轨方案,并利用Swarm-A,B,C星7天的观测数据进行方案验证与分析.结果表明,使用广播星历、IGU和IGC星历的方案精度递增,附加先验轨道约束能够进一步提升精度.使用IGC星历并附加标准差为1m的先验轨道约束后,在径向、切向和法向的定轨精度分别达到6.12cm,5.55cm和4.98cm.此外,附加先验轨道约束能够显著提升收敛速度,使用IGC星历平均收敛时间约为31min,附加标准差为1m的先验轨道约束后收敛仅需约4min.      

基于CEI定轨中整周模糊度问题处理方法的研究

相位干涉测量是一种被动测角跟踪方法, 其中的中短基线相位干涉测量(CEI)具有测角精度高、基线短、布网灵活、实时性好等特点. 分析采用CEI对GEO卫星定轨时初始整周模糊度解算的可行性, 由于中继卫星的初始轨道精度较低, 对其定轨时必须首先解决模糊度问题. 主控站具有测距功能时, 利用精度较高的距离观测量来计算整周模糊度; 主控站没有测距功能时, 提出了固定模糊度参数的参数估计方法. 仿真计算表明, 系统误差小于1.0 m时该方法效果较好. 给出了该方法对星下点在中国上空一定经度带上的GEO卫星网的整体定轨能力, 当系统误差为0.1 m时, 110°E卫星的迹向精度达到25 m, 对于80°E, 140°E卫星, 迹向精度分别达82 m, 34 m.      

空间引力波探测器轨道确定及仿真分析

针对空间引力波探测器的精密轨道确定问题,选取LISA(Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)作为研究对象,建立了探测器的目标仿真环境,模拟生成美国深空网(Deep Space Network,DSN)和中国深空网(China Deep Space Network,CDSN)在不同测站下的测距测速数据,采用非线性加权最小二乘(Weighted Least Squares,WLS)和蒙特卡洛方法(Monte Carlo,MC)分析跟踪弧长、测轨数据类型、测站数量及其分布等因素对LISA探测器定轨精度的影响。仿真结果表明:①增加测站的定轨弧长,可有效提高轨道确定精度,当跟踪弧段达到20 d时,探测器位置确定精度可达92 m;②在现有测量精度条件下,测距信息对定轨精度的贡献较大,测距/测速组合定轨方式与仅利用测距、测速定轨相比,估计的位置精度分别提高了32.23%、99.52%;③采用多测控网定轨模式可以提高多站共视比率,有利于提高定轨精度和收敛速度,DSN/CDSN联合定轨比仅采用DSN定轨的平均位置精度提高43.73%。     

基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法

在转发式卫星测定轨系统中,基于伪码测距原理的星地距离测量是实现卫星精密定轨和高精度时间比对的基础。为获得高精度的星地距离,需要将地面站设备时延从伪码测距值中精确扣除。在转发式卫星测轨原理的基础上,提出了基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法,实现了对转发式地面站设备时延的标校,标校精度能够优于0.5ns,对提高转发式卫星定轨精度和卫星双向时间比对精度具有重要作用。     

北斗GEO卫星CEI相时延解算方法研究

连线端站干涉测量(connected element interferometry，CEI)是高精度测角技术，在中高轨卫星、月球及深空航天器定轨定位中有良好的应用前景。基于CEI技术特点，提出了一种新的测量方法，即在相干测距模式下利用测距音和载波信号作为信号源进行连线端站干涉测量。构建了CEI试验系统对北斗GEO卫星进行观测，利用相干测距模式下的下行信号解算群时延、相时延。利用北斗GEO卫星精密星历计算的时延理论值，对北斗GEO卫星CEI群时延和相时延结果进行评估。结果表明，相干测距模式下CEI群时延和相时延残差均值分别为0.47ns、0.08ns，标准差(3σ)分别4.2ns、0.13ns。该项研究验证了相干测距模式下CEI相时延解算的可行性，可为共位地球同步卫星精密相对定位、月球探测器CEI测量提供技术参考。     

基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法

在转发式卫星测定轨系统中,基于伪码测距原理的星地距离测量是实现卫星精密定轨和高精度时间比对的基础。为获得高精度的星地距离,需要将地面站设备时延从伪码测距值中精确扣除。在转发式卫星测轨原理的基础上,提出了基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法,实现了对转发式地面站设备时延的标校,标校精度能够优于0.5ns,对提高转发式卫星定轨精度和卫星双向时间比对精度具有重要作用。     

基于低轨稀疏星座的蓝绿激光对潜定位研究

潜艇只在必要时刻才浮出水面，对实时通信和导航定位造成极大制约。蓝绿激光具有深水穿透性高、衰减系数低等优势，已在机载和星载平台对潜艇通信中得到验证。借鉴GNSS导航信号产生原理，结合蓝绿激光通信测距一体化与低轨卫星自身精密定轨，提出了基于蓝绿激光通信的低轨卫星对潜定位算法。通过在激光通信中增加载波相位调制，实现潜艇激光接收器的伪距测量，联合其高程测量信息实现水下定位。以一带一路海域，特别是中国南海区域为服务对象，优化星座参数设计了3颗卫星组成的低轨稀疏星座。潜艇在星座覆盖区域内保持静态，间隔1~3min完成至少两次通信测距和导航电文接收，联合两组观测数据、精密星历及高程测量信息进行定位解算。仿真结果显示，在卫星过境期间，考虑卫星定轨精度，激光在空气、水下传播误差等因素，潜艇可在水下实现X、Z方向定位误差优于100m，Y方向误差约100~150m的高精度定位，对提升潜艇的战场作战能力具有意义。     

Angles-only relative orbit determination in low earth orbit

The paper provides an overview of the angles-only relative orbit determination activities conducted to support the Autonomous Vision Approach Navigation and Target Identification (AVANTI) experiment. This in-orbit endeavor was carried out by the German Space Operations Center (DLR/GSOC) in autumn 2016 to demonstrate the capability to perform spaceborne autonomous close-proximity operations using solely line-of-sight measurements. The images collected onboard have been reprocessed by an independent on-ground facility for precise relative orbit determination, which served as ultimate instance to monitor the formation safety and to characterize the onboard navigation and control performances. During two months, several rendezvous have been executed, generating a valuable collection of images taken at distances ranging from 50?km to only 50?m. Despite challenging experimental conditions characterized by a poor visibility and strong orbit perturbations, angles-only relative positioning products could be continuously derived throughout the whole experiment timeline, promising accuracy at the meter level during the close approaches. The results presented in the paper are complemented with former angles-only experience gained with the PRISMA satellites to better highlight the specificities induced by different orbits and satellite designs.     

Geostationary orbit determination using SATRE

A new strategy of precise orbit determination (POD) for GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) satellite using SATRE (SAtellite Time and Ranging Equipment) is presented. Two observation modes are proposed and different channels of the same instruments are used to construct different observation modes, one mode receiving time signals from their own station and the other mode receiving time signals from each other for two stations called pairs of combined observations. Using data from such a tracking network in China, the results for both modes are compared. The precise orbit determination for the Sino-1 satellite using the data from 6 June 2005 to 13 June 2005 has been carried out in this work. The RMS (Root-Mean-Square) of observing residuals for 3-day solutions with the former mode is better than 9.1 cm. The RMS of observing residuals for 3-day solutions with the latter mode is better than 4.8 cm, much better than the former mode. Orbital overlapping (3-day orbit solution with 1-day orbit overlap) tests show that the RMS of the orbit difference for the former mode is 0.16 m in the radial direction, 0.53 m in the along-track direction, 0.97 m in the cross-track direction and 1.12 m in the 3-dimension position and the RMS of the orbit difference for the latter mode is 0.36 m in the radial direction, 0.89 m in the along-track direction, 1.18 m in the cross-track direction and 1.52 m in the 3-dimension position, almost the same as the former mode. All the experiments indicate that a meter-level accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellite is achievable.     

Analysis of laser ranges and angular measurements data fusion for space debris orbit determination

In the framework of space debris, the orbit determination process is a fundamental step, both, for researchers and for satellite operators. The accurate knowledge of the orbit of space debris objects is needed to allow space debris characterization studies and to avoid unnecessary collision avoidance maneuvers.The accuracy of the results of an orbit determination process depends on several factors as the number, the accuracy, the kind of processed measurements, their distribution along the orbit, and the object-observer relative geometry. When the observation coverage of the target orbit is not homogeneous, the accuracy of the orbit determination can be improved processing different kind of observables. Recent studies showed that the satellite laser ranging technique can be successfully applied to space debris.In this paper, we will investigate the benefits of using laser ranges and angular measurements for the orbit determination process. We will analyze the influence of the number of used observations, of the covered arc of orbit, of each observable, and of the observation geometry on the estimated parameters. Finally, using data acquired on short observation arcs, we analyze the achievable accuracies for the orbital regimes with the highest space debris density, and to the consequences of the data fusion on catalog maintenance operations. The results shown are obtained using only real data (both angular and laser measurements) provided by sensors of the Swiss Optical Ground Station and Geodynamics Observatory Zimmerwald owned by the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB) and for some studies also using ranges provided from other stations of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS).     

太阳同步轨道卫星光学特性

为了分析太阳同步轨道卫星的光学特性,对FY-1卫星的可见光和红外波段光学信号进行了仿真计算和模拟试验验证.通过对外部辐射及内部热源的分析,计算了卫星的温度场,采用随机起伏表面算法模拟表面覆盖材料外表面,通过阴影遮挡判断及双向反射分布函数(BRDF, Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function)模型计算卫星对外部辐射的反射特性,编程计算得到在可见光0.4~1.0μm和红外8~14 μm,14~16 μm波段下卫星的光学特性.结果表明红外辐射亮度与表面温度相关,8~14 μm最大约90 W/(m²·sr)、14~16 μm最大约20 W/(m²·sr).空间可见光辐射强度具有明显的镜面反射效应,卫星主体峰值2 200 W/sr.通过地面模拟测量空间目标的温度和红外辐射验证了温度及红外辐射仿真计算模型,可见光辐射强度仿真计算结果与地面模型卫星测量结果误差在20%以内.     

编队星座相对位置精确测定与自主定轨方法

针对编队飞行星座,提出了一种全自主的高精度定轨与相对位置精确测定方法,对其主要关键技术之一的空间绝对定向的基本方案及其可行性和指标进行了研究,并进行了仿真验证.结果表明,通过编队星座星间高精度的距离测量和绝对定向观测,可以实现无需地面测控站和卫星导航系统支持下的编队星座全自主导航方案;在一定测距和测向误差条件下,绝对定轨精度可以优于20m,相对位置确定精度可优于10cm.相对误差与采样间隔有较明显关系,未来可考虑采样间隔控制在10s以内即可;绝对位置误差大小与采样间隔无明显关系,其中的主要误差是星座的整体平移误差.仿真结果验证了所提方案的正确性.      

Orbit determination of BDS-3 satellite based on regional ground tracking station and inter-satellite link observations

The BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3) has established the Ka-band inter-satellite link (ISL) to realize a two-way ranging function between satellites, which provides a new observation technology for the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Therefore, this study presents a BDS satellite orbit determination model based on ground tracking station (GTS) observations and ISL ranging observations firstly to analyze the impact of the ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination of BDS-3 satellites. Subsequently, considering the data fusion processing, the variance component estimation (VCE) algorithm is applied to the parameter estimation process of the satellite orbit determination. Finally, using the measured data from China’s regional GTS observations and BDS-3 ISL ranging observations, the effects of ISL ranging observations on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of the VCE algorithm on the fusion data processing is evaluated from the aspects of orbit determination accuracy, Ka-band hardware delay parameter stability, and ISL ranging observation residuals. The results show that for China’s regional GTSs, the addition of BDS-3 ISL ranging observations can significantly improve the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-3 satellites. The observed orbit determination accuracy of satellite radial component is improved from 48 cm to 4.1 cm. In addition, when the initial weight ratio between GTS observations and ISL ranging observations is not appropriate, the various indicators which include orbit determination accuracy, ISL hardware delay, and ISL observation residuals were observed to have improved after the adjustment of the VCE algorithm. These results validate the effectiveness of the VCE algorithm for the fusion data processing of the GTS observations and ISL ranging observations.     

基于Gooding算法的天基光学目标跟踪定轨

开展了基于Gooding算法的400km天基平台光学目标监测的轨道确定研究，当测量误差为3”和6”时，分别对800，1500及36000km轨道高度目标进行初始轨道确定及轨道改进分析.仿真结果表明，利用400km轨道高度平台对800~1500km轨道高度目标进行初定轨，测量数据误差为3”~6”时，4~15min弧段的初定轨精度约在10km量级，1~2min弧段的初定轨精度约在100km量级；15min初定轨弧段轨道改进后误差在100m量级，弧段小于10min时轨道改进误差精度在km量级.利用400km轨道高度平台对36000km轨道高度目标进行初定轨，测量数据误差为3”时，15~20min弧段的初定轨精度约在数十km量级，8~10min弧段的初定轨精度在100km量级；轨道改进后误差在km量级.测量数据误差为6”时，20min弧段初定轨精度在10km量级，8~15min弧段初定轨精度在100km量级，轨道改进后误差精度在10km量级.      

miniSAR卫星精密参考轨道设计

为满足轻小型合成孔径雷达(miniSAR)卫星干涉测量任务对空间基线的要求,通过分析卫星参考轨道特性,建立了一套精密参考轨道设计算法。所建算法以miniSAR卫星成功入轨后的一组定轨数据及根据参考轨道特性解析得到的参考轨道预估值为输入,基于仅考虑中心天体非球形高阶引力摄动的轨道外推模型、Eckstein-Hechler平根模型及嵌套式迭代修正方法,设计输出其任务周期内使用的参考轨道。数值实验表明:所建算法设计的参考轨道生成的参考轨迹在三维空间的回归精度优于0.01 m,满足实际工程应用需求。