一种测量雷达散射截面参数现场校准方法

雷达散射截面参数是测量雷达一项非常重要的技术指标,该参数的准确性直接影响雷达对被测目标隐身能力的判定。基于雷达散射截面参数有源定标技术、高精度雷达散射截面模拟控制技术、高稳定雷达散射截面回波信号合成技术等,实现对雷达散射截面参数的动态精确模拟,从而对测量雷达散射截面参数进行校准,通过外场条件下的量值传递,解决了测量雷达散射截面参数有源定标问题。     

时变海面复反射系数建模

基于二维时变海面模型和粗糙面电磁散射的低阶小斜率近似方法,研究了海面复反射系数的时变和统计特性.在电磁散射幅度基础上推导了粗糙面反射系数及其相干和非相干分量,相干分量理论计算公式与经验模型一致.仿真结果表明相干分量幅度与经验模型基本吻合,但相位中存在明显的起伏特性,这种起伏在经验公式中没有体现出来.引入Middleton相位差统计模型为反射系数时变特性建模,仿真数据统计与理论分布吻合较好,且概率密度函数的等高图可以很好地表征时变复反射系数间的相关特性.这种吻合性表明复反射系数在短时间尺度上满足高斯分布,但其幅度和频率被海浪长波调制.      

流星雷达系统相位差偏差的估计和校正

介绍了一种新的流星雷达系统的相位偏差估计和校正方法.利用流星回波的观测数据,用回波信号在各个接收通道之间的相位差,结合干涉式接收天线阵的几何关系,建立了各天线相位差测量值与偏差值之间的线性方程组,利用最小二乘法求解方程组,得到了流星雷达系统各个接收通道之间的相位差偏差估计值及校正后的流星回波到达角.与已有的流星雷达相位偏差估计和校正的方法相比,这种方法可以通过流星雷达的观测数据来计破算雷达系统各个接收天线通道之间的相位差偏差量,而不需要增加额外的硬件,实现了对观测数据的事后处理,可以方便地对已有数据进行校正.以2004年4-6月的武汉流星雷达观测数据为例,计算了流星雷达系统的偏差估计量,并用校正后的数据来计算流星回波的空间位置.结果表明,校正后流星回波数在各个方向上随高度的分布比校正前更符合统计分布.      

复杂背景下目标散射信号测量与提取技术

在复杂环境条件下的宽带雷达目标散射特性测量中,场地周围环境产生的零多普勒杂波（ZDC）会严重影响目标测量数据的准确性。为了有效地抑制背景杂波、提高目标散射信号的测量精度,提出了一种基于最大概率提取技术。该技术首先通过方位滑窗平均得到每个频点的初始固定背景杂波估计,然后对每个频点的杂波初始估计进行统计直方图处理得到最大概率幅度统计量,并依据该统计量完成门限处理得到最终的杂波估计值,从而消除方位滑窗平均处理中的剩余目标信号分量、实现精确的背景提取与抵消。对典型目标的外场测量数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性。      

Non-Gaussian clutter characterization applied to OTHR using a mixture of two Rayleigh probability density functions

A practical technique for characterizing non-Gaussian radar clutter is specified and demonstrated using Over The Horizon Radar (OTHR) data, as an example. The technique employs maximum likelihood to fit the probability density of the clutter amplitude returns to a mixture of two Rayleigh probability densities instead of the single Rayleigh density typically used for Gaussian clutter. This model for non-Gaussian clutter is fully specified for any set of clutter amplitudes by a log likelihood, two Rayleigh parameters, and a mixing coefficient. A 3D plot of these values yields an easily-visualized clutter characterization, as is illustrated using OTHR data. This technique is a demonstration of clutter characterization using OTHR data, but the method can be applied to characterize other types of clutter data.     

武汉上空中层和低热层大气潮汐的流星雷达观测

武汉流星雷达是2002年元月建成的我国第一部全天空流星雷达，本文对2002年2月19日到7月31日流星雷达观测的潮汐的讨论表明，武汉中层顶以周日潮汐为潮汐运动的主要分量，它的强度远大于半日潮汐，周日潮汐和半日潮汐的波源都在80km以下．周日潮汐分量在3、4月份最强，并且经向分量略强于纬向分量．两个分量的峰值在约95km处出现，分别达到44m／s和60m／s．半日潮的最大值24m／s出现在4月初约93km处．周日潮汐和半日潮汐的振幅和相位随时间呈现出拟周期变化的特征，这可能是潮汐与行星波非线形相互作用的结果．观测结果与GSWM模型的比较表明，GSWM模型在相位随高度变化趋势上与观测结果一致，但模型的周日潮相位比观测约超前1—2h，半日潮相位约滞后1—4h．在周日潮汐较强的月份，模型与观测有较大的差异，观测的幅度通常在95km附近有极大值，而模型并没有极大值．GSWM模型对半日潮的幅度的估计通常过小，观测的半日潮汐幅度有时甚至超过模型值的一倍以上．     

Mesosphere/lower thermosphere wind regime parameters using a newly installed SKiYMET meteor radar at Kazan (56°N, 49°E)

New meteor radar (MR) horizontal wind data obtained during 2015–2018 at Kazan (56°N, 49°E) are presented. The measurements were carried out with a state-of-the-art SKiYMET meteor radar. Monthly mean vertical profiles of zonal and meridional components of the prevailing wind speeds, also amplitudes and phases of the components of diurnal (DT) and semidiurnal tide (SDT) winds are displayed as contour plots for a mean calendar year over the four recent years and compared with distributions of these parameters provided by the previous multiyear (1986–2002) meteor radar (MR) measurements at Kazan and by the recent HWM07 empirical model. The analysis shows that the SKiYMET zonal and meridional prevailing wind speeds are generally in good agreement, sharing the same seasonal features, with the earlier MR seasonal winds. Comparisons with the HWM07 model are not favourable: eastward solstitial cells as modelled are significantly larger, >30?m/s compared to 15–20?m/s. Also, reversal lines are too variable with height, and the positions of modelled cells (positive and negative) are unlike those of either MRs at Kazan or other MLT radars. Both MR systems provide the large SDT amplitudes, approximately 30?m/s and vertical wavelengths, approximately 55?km, for both components at middle latitudes in winter. They also show the well known strong SDT September feature (heights 85–100?km, the vertical wavelength ～55–60?km), and the weak summer SDT for 80–91?km. HWM07 shows unrealistic amplitudes and phases above 90?km by height and month: minimal amplitudes in equinoxes and no September feature.The weak DT of middle to high latitudes provide similar amplitude and phase structures from both MRs, 1986–2002 and 2015–2017: largest amplitudes (10–12 or 8–10?m/s) for the evanescent meridional tide in summer, peaking in late July; weakest (0–2, 2–4?m/s) at 80 to 92–96?km, when the tide is vertically propagating (January, February, November, December) with a vertical wavelength near 40?km. Again, HWM07 differs in amplitude and phase structures: showing peak amplitudes in equinoxes: April, 15?m/s at 88?km; October, 21?m/s at 89?km.Coupling of the MR wind parameters with the ERA5 wind parameters is studied for a case in 2016. It is shown that the prevailing winds and DT amplitudes and phases of both datasets can be simply linked together, but that the ERA5 SDT amplitudes are significantly underestimated at the top model levels of the ERA5 reanalysis project.     

利用一次雷达实现低空空域的安全监视

介绍了一种低成本的低空空域雷达监视实验系统,并提出了一种基于雷达平面位置指示(PPI,Plane Position Indicator)图像的目标检测与跟踪算法,其中杂波抑制和目标状态估计是两项关键技术.经过背景差分的雷达PPI图像,仍然含有大量的背景边缘杂波,该算法利用其空域特性进行杂波抑制,并采用交互式多模型(IMM,Interactive Multiple Models)方法对目标的匀速、加速、减速、转弯等机动运动进行跟踪.详细分析了仿真数据的跟踪效果,并将整套算法应用于两组实测PPI图像,实验结果说明其有效性.     

基于相控阵雷达波束篱笆的空间碎片数量与分布估计方法

随着载人航天与空间站等航天活动的增多,不能有效防护、也无法定期跟踪和编目的小尺寸(尤其是1～10 cm)碎片的危害越来越受到关注,这些碎片信息的获取依赖于统计采样技术.针对简化的相控阵雷达波束篱笆空间碎片探测模式,提出了一种采用统计技术估计空间碎片总数量以及高度和倾角分布的方法.将碎片穿越波束篱笆的过程用Poisson分布来建模,根据观测时段内穿越波束篱笆目标的平均到达率及测量的轨道高度和倾角数据来估计给定轨道高度范围或倾角范围内碎片的数量,进而得到碎片的总数量以及碎片数量随轨道高度或倾角的分布.在获取雷达散射截面信息时,该方法还可用于估计碎片数量随尺寸的分布.通过仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性.      

环绕器次表层探测雷达实时处理技术

环绕器次表层探测雷达能够在环绕轨道实现行星次表层结构高分辨探测,为深入研究行星地质结构提供科学数据,由于深空探测距离地球距离非常遥远,与地球之间的数据传输率很受限制,雷达探测得到的大量原始数据无法通过数据链路传回地球,通过星上实时处理对探测数据进行变换,只回传数据量小得多的处理结果具有非常重要的意义。本文对环绕器次表层探测雷达采用的后向投影算法的实时处理技术进行了详细的分析,给出了工程实现方法。     

Long-period meteor radar temperature variations over Collm (51°N, 13°E) and Kazan (56°N, 49°E)

We have estimated temperatures from meteor radar measurements using the gradient method and the full width at half maximum method over Kazan (56°N 49°E) and Collm (51°N, 13°E). The time series cover the period 2016–2019. The temperature gradient model is constructed from SABER temperature observations. We demonstrate that annual mean, amplitudes and phases of the annual and semiannual oscillations of the radar temperatures are close to those of the MLS and SABER temperatures. The annual mean temperatures over Kazan and Collm differ non-significantly. The seasonal variability of the radar temperature is mostly due to the annual cycle which tends to grow with latitude. The gradient method produces temperatures which agree with the SABER temperatures better than with the MLS ones. The harmonics of the annual oscillations from periods of 73 days up to periods of about 40 days are the most significant day-to-day temperature oscillations and have zonal wavenumber zero. Their periods and phases are in good correspondence with those of the MLS and SABER ones. We also show some results which demonstrate that at 56°N the FWHM method is not as robust as the gradient method.     

基于运动模型的低空非合作无人机目标识别

为保障低空安全,在利用雷达数据探测无人机目标的同时剔除飞鸟等虚警信息,提出了一种基于运动模型的低空非合作无人机目标识别方法,作为已有目标跟踪方法应用的拓展。首先,建立多种运动模型模拟无人机和飞鸟目标运动;然后,基于多种运动模型进行目标跟踪,并估计各种运动模型的出现概率;最后,以各种运动模型在连续时间内出现概率的方差均值来度量目标运动模型的转换频率。通过对仿真数据和机场低空监视雷达实测数据的处理,所提方法能够在杂波环境中跟踪无人机目标并剔除飞鸟目标,进一步验证了其有效性和实用性。      

主动雷达导引头多路径效应的数字仿真

对于平整和起伏的地面或海面,分别给出了一种基于多反射点复杂目标的多路径回波的时域复包络波形数字仿真模型.采用随机分形插值算法利用地形实测数据对复杂的起伏地面和海面进行三维地形建模.对不同粗糙度地面上的低空目标的多路径回波进行了仿真计算,并使用主动雷达导引头数字仿真模型进行了多路径干扰环境下对低空目标的跟踪实验.仿真实验表明,多路径效应对雷达跟踪低空目标会产生较大的误差.