雷达导引头跟踪低空目标仰角误差分析

雷达导引头跟踪低空飞行目标时,其仰角跟踪误差会受多径传播的严重干扰.一般的"小平面"方法计算漫反射时,采用均匀分割地形的方法,这种分割法在大擦地角,目标距离地面较低的情况下,误差较大,并且计算时间较长.提出了非均匀分割的改进的"小平面"法,分析了4条回波路径的影响.采用了闭环跟踪法计算仰角误差,并利用改进的"小平面"法计算电磁波在起伏地/海面上的漫反射,可以较为真实的模拟导引头在跟踪低空目标时的仰角跟踪误差,并可以大大缩短计算时间.     

利用一次雷达实现低空空域的安全监视

介绍了一种低成本的低空空域雷达监视实验系统,并提出了一种基于雷达平面位置指示(PPI,Plane Position Indicator)图像的目标检测与跟踪算法,其中杂波抑制和目标状态估计是两项关键技术.经过背景差分的雷达PPI图像,仍然含有大量的背景边缘杂波,该算法利用其空域特性进行杂波抑制,并采用交互式多模型(IMM,Interactive Multiple Models)方法对目标的匀速、加速、减速、转弯等机动运动进行跟踪.详细分析了仿真数据的跟踪效果,并将整套算法应用于两组实测PPI图像,实验结果说明其有效性.     

基于运动模型的低空非合作无人机目标识别

为保障低空安全,在利用雷达数据探测无人机目标的同时剔除飞鸟等虚警信息,提出了一种基于运动模型的低空非合作无人机目标识别方法,作为已有目标跟踪方法应用的拓展。首先,建立多种运动模型模拟无人机和飞鸟目标运动;然后,基于多种运动模型进行目标跟踪,并估计各种运动模型的出现概率;最后,以各种运动模型在连续时间内出现概率的方差均值来度量目标运动模型的转换频率。通过对仿真数据和机场低空监视雷达实测数据的处理,所提方法能够在杂波环境中跟踪无人机目标并剔除飞鸟目标,进一步验证了其有效性和实用性。      

高光谱遥感地形影响建模与仿真

针对地形起伏对高光谱遥感图像几何变形和辐射变化的影响,建立高光谱遥感地形影响模型.该模型利用传感器位置、姿态和视场角建立模拟图像像元坐标和地面空间坐标之间的成像几何关系,利用地表反射率、数字高程模型等数据,考虑大气辐射传输过程,计算起伏地形下传感器入瞳辐亮度图像,并经过空间分辨率转换,生成最终遥感模拟图像,实现高光谱遥感地形影响精确建模.利用西藏驱龙地区Hyperion数据和其它相关数据进行仿真分析,将模拟图像和原始图像进行对比,结果比较吻合,表明该模型具有较好的模拟效果.     

复杂地形上空超低空风场的工程仿真方法

为描述飞机在低空突防时的外部环境,用多重山脉和多种地貌设计构造了飞机超低空飞行时的复杂地形,同时,基于位势流动理论建立了复杂地形及其上空风场的工程化仿真模型,并进行了算例仿真和分析.该方法可以满足分析飞机做超低空飞行的动力学特性的需要.     

二维海面上三维电大尺寸舰船目标电磁散射仿真

目标特征的建模、仿真和分析对于合成孔径雷达（SAR）基于图像的自动识别（ATR）系统具有重要的意义。研究了海面舰船目标的电磁散射计算以及雷达成像仿真。基于矩量法及其并行计算方法,对电大尺寸舰船目标及与海面复合的散射特性进行了研究,给出了不同频带、空间方位、极化的散射特性。在频域对回波数据作离散傅里叶逆变换,得到海面舰船目标的一维距离像。运用极坐标格式成像算法得到其二维聚束SAR成像结果,清晰地重构目标的轮廓。      

基于自仿射分形建模的干涉仿真

对合成孔径雷达干涉仿真进行了深入研究,阐述了干涉仿真的基本原理,分析了影响干涉合成孔径雷达图像质量的各种噪声干扰因素,重点讨论了干涉合成孔径雷达仿真模型以及建立准确模型的重要性.比较了目前常用的干涉仿真模型,分析了这些模型在仿真过程中存在的缺陷,并基于自仿射分形理论建模仿真了实际的干涉过程,获得了满足合成孔径雷达空间采样率的数字高程模型.仿真结果表明,利用自仿射分形理论仿真不仅可以真实逼真地反映自然目标场景的随机起伏特性和雷达图像特有的几何畸变现象,而且可以对去相干因素进行定量分析,同时有助于验证干涉处理算法和优化系统设计.      

ATM中的ADS-SSR数据融合研究

二次监视雷达(SSR)和自动相关监视(ADS)系统已经广泛应用于空中交通管理(ATM)系统,特别是终端飞行区.本文分析了民航空中交通管理中的SSR和ADS系统的特点和缺陷,研究了基本类型ADS合同和扩展类型ADS合同对ADS跟踪精度的不同影响,提出了一个ADS-SSR航迹融合的模型,给出此模型的具体算法,并进行了数字仿真.数字仿真表明:该模型算法具有较高的跟踪精度.      

反导预警相控阵雷达网目标分配方法

针对相控阵雷达网跟踪弹道导弹目标时的资源管理问题，分析阐述反导预警作战场景，提出综合目标跟踪精度和雷达切换频率的目标分配效益函数，从雷达能量、时间及雷达与目标可见性三方面建立约束条件，以准确反映目标分配过程中的实际限制，在此基础上构建反导预警相控阵雷达网目标分配模型。根据反导预警任务特点，设置目标分配的自适应间隔，以提高模型设计合理性。就稀疏弹道导弹目标跟踪、密集弹道导弹目标跟踪2种场景进行仿真实验，结果表明:运用所提方法能够有效实现目标分配，提升相控阵雷达网资源利用效率，并能够减少雷达切换次数。      

无人机复杂环境中跟踪运动目标的实时航路规划

在复杂地形环境中,无人机在跟踪运动目标时,现有的航路规划方法在实时性和可行性上存在一定缺陷.提出了一种新的滚动窗口启发方向计算方法,使其能够跟踪运动目标,同时在滚动窗口内采用流函数法进行避障.根据无人机约束,滚动窗口为三角形,并设计了基于行为的伸缩功能.在流函数中,利用水势能方法克服了陷阱地形并进行了航路平滑.仿真结果表明:这种混合算法对于复杂地形条件下跟踪运动目标的航路规划,能够减小规划算法的时间和空间复杂度,使规划出的航路适于无人机飞行.     

活塞式航空发动机二级涡轮增压系统匹配分析

针对高空小型飞机的动力要求,对某一级增压的活塞式航空发动机进行了二级增压系统的匹配设计分析.利用AVL boost软件建立了原发动机的一级增压模型,并根据实验数据进行了校核.在原机模型的基础上,建立了二级增压发动机模型,并且进行了匹配计算.计算结果给出了发动机不同海拔高度下的运行情况,分析了发动机主要参数对性能的影响.研究了旁通阀对二级增压系统的调节规律,确定了高低两级压气机总压比随发动机海拔高度的变化趋势.结果表明,二级增压系统能够为发动机提供足够的进气充量,保证在大气密度降低后发动机还可以产生要求的功率,取得了预期的效果.      

Feasibility study of a sea-anchored stratospheric balloon for long-duration flights

Sea-anchored balloons are stratospheric super-pressure balloons that are anchored to the sea. The sea-anchored balloon is a simple system that has the capability for long-duration flights, fixed-point observations, flexible launch windows, easy telemetry links to ground stations, and quick recoveries. Such balloons are not required to fly through the jet stream while tethered to the ground or sea, because the tether is deployed from a reel on the balloon after reaching a floating altitude. In this study, the feasibility of the sea-anchored balloon is investigated, with particular emphasis on the tether strength, balloon altitude, and system mass, based on the present technological level of the tether’s specific strength. Although the wind distribution with altitude is a dominant factor for feasibility, a sea-anchored balloon with an altitude of about 25 km would be feasible if the velocity of the jet stream is sufficiently low. The sea-anchored balloon can be simply flight-tested, since additional ground facilities and special flight operations are not necessary.     

Determination of the mean dynamic ocean topography model through combining multi-source gravity data and DTU15 MSS around China's coast

Mean dynamic ocean topography (or MDT) is closely related to ocean circulation and global climate change. It has important scientific significance and application value for the development and utilization of marine resources in China's coastal areas. Based on the terrain gravity, marine gravity, and SRTM 3?s data, an algorithm to reduce the problem of gravity data gaps between land and sea is proposed. A consistent land-sea gravity model is established based on point-mass fusion method. Then geoid model, which accuracy was estimated to be 8.5?cm through the verification of 348 GNSS/level data from the coastal provinces, of China's coastal areas was calculated through remove-restore technique. Connecting the above geoid model with DTU15 MSS model to establish a MDT model in China's coastal areas using the direct method in space domain. The effect of gravity field model, dominant factors of sea surface topography, and low pass filter are analyzed. Taking Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea as an example, and comparing MDT with the two international models CNES_2013_MDT and DTU15_MDT. The results show that the MDT has the potential to construct a vertical datum of the ocean and carry out related scientific research and application.     

Coherent superposition of multi-GNSS wavelet analysis periodogram for sea-level retrieval in GNSS multipath reflectometry

The multipath signals of GNSS can act as a tide gauge via a technology called Global Navigation Satellite Systems multipath reflectometry (GNSS-MR), which is based on the relationship between multipath frequency and height to sea surface. In addition to the traditional frequency extraction method of Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP), wavelet analysis can be applied to extract instantaneous multipath frequencies of GPS L1, thus improving data utilization. However, because of the sensitivity of instantaneous frequency to noise and the introduction of more signals, multi-constellation retrievals exhibit many outliers and errors. The aim of this study is to apply wavelet analysis to multi-constellation multi-frequency signals and most importantly to find a method to avoid noise. We used coherent superposition to overlap the intra-track inter-signal instantaneous frequency spectrograms to enhance effective information and to weaken noise. This coherent superposition method can achieve intra-track inter-signal combination. The multi-GNSS data from two Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) stations were used. The results showed that the coherent superposition spectrogram has a clear energy concentration, and the frequencies calculated from it depict sea-level changes. To compare the method with the LSP method and to combine inter-track retrievals, a robust regression method was used to combine retrievals and to produce equally spaced retrieval series. The results show that the combined retrievals from the coherent superposition method have a slightly higher accuracy than those from the classical LSP method. Because this method can be used to retrieve sea-level data from instantaneous frequency, it increases data utilization and provides a way to obtain details of SNR arcs, which is a potential method to benefit GNSS-MR, especially for sites with narrow reflecting sensing zones in a small sea azimuth range.     

Azimuth selection for sea level measurements using geodetic GPS receivers

Based on analysis of Global Positioning System (GPS) multipath signals recorded by a geodetic GPS receiver, GPS Reflectometry (GPS-R) has demonstrated unique advantages in relation to sea level monitoring. Founded on multipath reflectometry theory, sea level changes can be measured by GPS-R through spectral analysis of recorded signal-to-noise ratio data. However, prior to estimating multipath parameters, it is necessary to define azimuth and elevation angle mask to ensure the reflecting zones are on water. Here, a method is presented to address azimuth selection, a topic currently under active development in the field of GPS-R. Data from three test sites: the Kachemak Bay GPS site PBAY in Alaska (USA), Friday Harbor GPS site SC02 in the San Juan Islands (USA), and Brest Harbor GPS site BRST in Brest (France) are analyzed. These sites are located in different multipath environments, from a rural coastal area to a busy harbor, and they experience different tidal ranges. Estimates by the GPS tide gauges at azimuths selected by the presented method are compared with measurements from physical tide gauges and acceptable correspondence found for all three sites.     

基于GPS遥感的延迟映射接收机关键技术

全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)广泛应用于定位和导航,还可利用海面对GPS信号产生的散射效应进行微波遥感,是一种新型微波遥感手段.首先介绍了GPS海洋遥感测风技术产生背景及特点,给出了GPS散射信号测量技术理论基础,重点分析了延迟映射接收机设计中提高采样信号信噪比、双射频前端电路设计、计算反射点延迟、接收机工作模式、内嵌软件处理等5项关键技术.设计的延迟映射接收机样机在天津近海完成了首次搭载飞行试验,试验结果表明,延迟映射接收机可同时接收直射和海面散射卫星信号并输出导航定位解,正确计算镜面散射点码延迟,准确接收海面散射的GPS卫星信号,且散射信号信噪比达到了14.9 dB以上,接收机输出为反演海面风场提供了准确的基础数据,这种方式可推广到遥感探测陆地土壤湿度、海冰厚度、海浪高度等领域.