小天体探测器电源系统方案设计及仿真

研究了小天体探测器在深空特殊环境下电源系统所面对的问题,提出了全调节母线能量直接传递的电源系统方案。根据探测器的轨道特性,分析了探测器在飞行过程中环境条件和不同负载等对电源系统的影响,考虑光照条件和峰值功率之间的关系,基于能量平衡的原理,对探测器的电源系统进行分析、设计。最后,通过数学仿真验证了方案设计的合理性。     

基于热管散热平台的热光伏系统实验研究

针对深空探测同位素电源的发展需求,设计了一套基于热管散热平台的热光伏系统,采用分离型热管实现了热光伏系统的热控要求,并实验验证了热光伏系统的热电转换性能。研究了加热功率、充液量对热管启动特性、壁面温度的影响,分析了辐射器温度、电池温度对系统电输出特性的影响,并对系统的转换效率进行了评估,结果表明：采用热管散热器可有效将半导体电池温度控制于25℃以下,在辐射器温度为1 173℃时,系统热电转换效率达到12.1%。     

深空探测器可重构性评价与自主重构策略

针对深空探测过程中资源严重受限(包括计算资源、硬件资源以及能量资源)和不可维修的特点,开展了深空探测器可重构性综合评价方法和自主重构的研究。通过在地面设计阶段考虑深空探测器控制系统的可重构性,定量地给出了系统可重构性综合评价指标,并基于该指标指导系统自主重构策略的设计,从设计角度提高了深空探测器控制系统运行质量,实现了深空探测器的自主故障处理和自主运行。     

深空探测用锂离子蓄电池在轨管理策略研究

高轨卫星、深空探测器在工作周期内地影时间较短,储能电池长期处于搁置状态,而在存储过程中由于界面副反应的存在会导致持续的锂离子电池容量衰降,影响储能电池的使用寿命。通过dV/dQ曲线分析、交流阻抗分析和解剖分析发现在存储过程中活性Li损失是导致锂离子电池容量损失的主要原因,在100%SoC状态时还会导致电解液在负极表面的分解加剧,引起正极的界面膜阻抗R_(SEI)和颗粒间接触阻抗R_(CR)出现明显的增加。研究结果表明:深空探测器电源系统在存储期间为了减少过放电风险,并减少不可逆容量损失,应将蓄电池的荷电状态控制在20%SoC左右,并定期进行充电。     

LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA)正极材料的磷酸表面改性

针对新一代空间型号产品对储能电源提出的更高需求,提出采用表面改性的方法提升LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2（NCA）正极材料在锂离子电池中的循环稳定性。通过采用磷酸（H3PO4）对NCA正极材料进行表面处理,H3PO4会与NCA颗粒表面的含锂碱性物质发生反应,从而在NCA颗粒表面生成稳定且导电性良好的Li3PO4界面层。循环以及阻抗测试结果表明,经H3PO4表面处理的NCA材料组装电池循环50次后电池容量为170.5mA·h/g,容量保持率达到94%以上,界面阻抗得到抑制。H3PO4表面处理有效抑制了NCA颗粒表面碱性残留对电化学性能的不良影响,提升了界面稳定性,获得了更好的循环性能。     

基于在轨组装维护的模块化深空探测器技术进展与应用研究

在轨组装与维护是航天器在轨服务技术的基本内容,而模块化设计则是实现航天器在轨组装与维护的一项主要支撑技术。调研总结了国外深空探测领域模块化航天器设计以及在轨组装与在轨维护实施的技术进展,主要包括模块化地外行星着陆探测器、大型在轨组装深空探测器、布置于SEL2(Sun-Earth Libration 2)等轨道的超大型在轨组装空间望远镜系统等,分析了深空探测器领域应用模块化设计实现在轨组装与维护的关键技术要素。针对深空探测航天器长寿命、高可靠、特殊推进系统及其设备配套等技术特点与需求,提出一种应用在轨组装与维护技术的火星多任务探测器系统设想,介绍了探测器系统的任务架构、基本组成、轨道策略等,为我国深空探测技术发展以及新型深空探测器研制提供参考。     

低温锂离子电池研究进展

随着能源需求的日益高涨，锂离子电池（LIB）在各个领域内的应用愈发广泛。为满足极端气候等特殊应用环境对储能器件的需求，LIB需拓宽其工作温度范围。从材料和电池结构角度详细总结了应用于低温条件LIB的最新研究进展。首先，分析了限制LIB低温性能的根本原因；然后，分别从电解液的研发与优化、电极材料的改性和开发、新型电池体系的开发、电池热管理系统（BTMS）设计4个方面归纳并讨论了在低温情况下改善LIB性能的途径和方法；最后，总结了低温LIB研究亟待解决的问题，并为新一代低温LIB的发展提出了可行的研究方向。      

深空探测先进电源技术综述

先进电源技术是保障深空探测任务顺利进行的前提和基础。在梳理我国后续深空探测任务(月球极区探测、小天体探测、火星探测、木星探测等)对电源系统需求的基础上,对涉及空间应用的电源技术(化学能、太阳能、同位素及空间核反应堆电源)进行概述;针对深空探测对电源系统的需求特点,分别阐述了锂离子蓄电池、太阳能电源、钚-238放射性同位素电源和空间堆核反应电源的特点、发展简史、在深空探测中应用限制及发展建议,重点分析了钚-238同位素电源和空间核反应堆电源技术的关键技术、应用情况及应用前景,为深空探测先进电源技术的长足发展提供参考。     

深空探测低信噪比通信研究

与传统无线通信相比, 深空通信由于传输损耗巨大、探测器能量受限且轨道多变等因素, 须解决信噪比(Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR)极低、数据接收不连续及信道参数多变等难题. 针对这些问题, 论述了在深空探测极低SNR下需重点研究的深空天线组阵、编码与调制、联合解调译码、喷泉码以及其自主无线电实现等关键技术, 以有效协助解决上述深空通信难题. 同时, 讨论了这些关键技术的发展趋势及其在未来深空通信中的应用.      

核动力深空探测器现状及发展研究

深空探测中,由于无法使用太阳能或者太阳能的利用效率太低,需要使用空间核电源。当前用于月球表面、火星表面、木星及以远的飞行任务中的核动力深空探测器,均利用的同位素核源衰变能,包括同位素热源用于温度控制和采用温差发电用于供电。研究中的深空探测核动力应用包括月球基地、载人火星飞行、无人探测、使用核反应堆裂变能等。空间裂变电源的反应堆包括液态金属冷却堆和气冷堆两种方式,前者支持温差、斯特林和布雷顿发电,后者支持布雷顿和磁流体发电。近期开始探索研究核聚变深空探测器。纵观核动力深空探测器的发展历程,同位素电源依然在深空探测中发挥着重要作用,大功率空间核电源结合电推进将成为未来深空探测的重要关注方向。     

Comparing ionospheric models with mid-latitude ionosonde observations

The purpose of this research work is to validate the ionospheric models (IRI and CHIU) to assess its suitability and usefulness as an operational tool. The ionospheric model is a computer model designed to predict the state of the global ionosphere for 24 h. The scope was limited to conduct comparisons between the predicted F₂ layer critical frequencies (f₀F₂) against observed ionosonde data. The ionospheric prediction model (IPM) was designed to predict by using monthly median sunspot number, while the observation data are taken from two digital ionospheric sounding stations (Okinawa, 26.28N, 127.8E and Wakkanai, 45.38N, 141.66E) which lies within the mid-latitude region of the globe. Analysis of the f₀F₂ data from stations for year (2001) with high solar activity and year (2004) with low solar activity, four months (March, June, September and December) chosen based primarily on data availability. From results it seen that the ratio between monthly median predicted and observed f₀F₂ values for each model used in this research work and for the chosen months was nonlinear with local time, so the empirical formula for applying correction factors were determined, these formula can be used to correct the error occurred in predicted f₀F₂ value.     

空间用硅太阳电池带通滤波器的研究

为改善硅太阳电池在轨工作期间的性能,通过对空间用太阳电池带通滤波器结构设计和制备工艺的研究,研制出一种空间用硅太阳电池的带通滤波器并对其性能进行了测试,结果表明,采用该带通滤波器可使硅太阳电池在轨工作温度降低6°C～12°C,输出功率增加1.8%～4.1%.带通滤波器的研制对于促进高效硅太阳电池的空间应用具有积极意义.     

The effects of CO2 on growth and transpiration of radish (Raphanus sativus) in hypobaria

Plants grown on long-term space missions will likely be grown in low pressure environments (i.e., hypobaria). However, in hypobaria the transpiration rates of plants can increase and may result in wilting if the water is not readily replaced. It is possible to reduce transpiration by increasing the partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), but the effects of pCO₂ at high levels (>120 Pa) on the growth and transpiration of plants in hypobaria are not known. Therefore, the effects of pCO₂ on the growth and transpiration of radish (Raphanus sativus var. Cherry Bomb II) in hypobaria were studied. The fresh weight (FW), leaf area, dry weight (DW), CO₂ assimilation rates (C_A), dark respiration rates (DR), and transpiration rates from 26 day-old radish plants that were grown for an additional seven days at different total pressures (33, 66 or 101 kPa) and pCO₂ (40 Pa, 100 Pa and 180 Pa) were measured. In general, the dry weight of plants increased with CO₂ enrichment and with lower total pressure. In limiting pCO₂ (40 Pa) conditions, the transpiration for plants grown at 33 kPa was approximately twice that of controls (101 kPa total pressure with 40 Pa pCO₂). Increasing the pCO₂ from 40 Pa to 180 Pa reduced the transpiration rates for plants grown in hypobaria and in standard atmospheric pressures. However, for plants grown in hypobaria and high pCO₂ (180 Pa) leaf damage was evident. Radish growth can be enhanced and transpiration reduced in hypobaria by enriching the gas phase with CO₂ although at high levels leaf damage may occur.     

Ni75Al4V21合金沉淀早期微观相场法模拟

采用三元体系微观相场动力学模型,对较低铝浓度的Ni₇₅Al₄V₂₁合金中γ′相和θ相沉淀早期进行计算研究,模拟了合金的原子图像演化过程,并计算了θ(Ni₃V)相和γ′(Ni₃Al)相的相内成分序参数分布和长程序参数分布.结果表明,θ相先析出,其沉淀机制为等成分有序化+失稳分解,等成分有序化产生非化学计量比的单相θ有序畴,并被相界分开,失稳分解为一特殊的分解类型,主要发生在相界处,形成化学计量比θ有序相;此失稳分解过程同时又是γ′相在θ相界处以非经典异相形核方式析出的过程,先形成非化学计量比γ′有序相,并逐渐长成为化学计量比γ′有序相,从而形成2种有序相共存的组织形态.     

Comparing IRI and a regional model with ionosonde measurements in Pakistan

We have used the technique of expansion in Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) to develop regional models of the critical frequencies of E and F₂ layers (f_oE, f_oF₂), peak height (h_mF₂), and semi-thickness of F₂ layer (Y_mF₂) over Pakistan. In the present study levels of solar activity specified by Smoothed Sunspot Number (R) from 10 to 200 are taken into account. The magnetic dip angle for the model ranges from 30° to 60°. We have compared the regional model and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) with measurements of three ionosondes in Pakistan. The model parameters f_oE and f_oF₂ are found overall comparable to the observed hourly median values during daytime at Karachi (geographic latitude = 24.95°N, longitude = 67.13°E, magnetic inclination = 37°), Multan (30.18°N, 71.48°E, 45°) and Islamabad (33.75°N, 73.13°E, 51.5°) during the years 1988, 1996 and 2000. For h_mF₂ the computed values by regional and IRI model for the year 1995 are found close to each other. However, for Y_mF₂the results are better during daytime as compared to nighttime.     

Study of satellite retrieved CO2 and CH4 concentration over India

This paper reports a study of spatial and temporal variations of columnar averaged concentration of CO₂ and CH₄ over India using SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT) data. Comparison of these data with the global view National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) land data and also location specific flask data is made. The temporal variation in column averaged global CO₂ is similar to that over India and it is also similar to the NOAA surface flask data and global view. The variation in NOAA surface CH₄ is location dependent and its global view appears to vary seasonally in opposite phase with the column averaged CH₄ values from satellites, reflecting the limited comparability of surface and column averaged data. Over India the CO₂ maximum is in May and minimum in August/September while for CH₄ the maximum is in September and minimum in February/March. The seasonal variation of CH₄ over India is correlated with the eastern coastal rice cultivation.     

Gas exchange rates of potato stands for bioregenerative life support

Plants can provide a means for removing carbon dioxide (CO₂) while generating oxygen (O₂) and clean water for life support systems in space. To study this, 20 m² stands of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants were grown in a large (113 m³ vol.), atmospherically closed chamber. Photosynthetic uptake of CO₂ by the stands was detected about 10 DAP (days after planting), after which photosynthetic rates rose rapidly as stand ground cover and total light interception increased. Photosynthetic rates peaked ca. 50 DAP near 45 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ under 865 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF (average photosynthetic photon flux), and near 35 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ under 655 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. Short term changes in PPF caused a linear response in stand photosynthetic rates up to 1100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF, with a light compensation point of 185 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. Comparisons of stand photosynthetic rates at different CO₂ concentrations showed a classic C₃ response, with saturation occurring near 1200 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂ and compensation near 100 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. In one study, the photoperiod was changed from 12 h light/12 h dark to continuous light at 58 DAP. This caused a decrease in net photosynthetic rates within 48 h and eventual damage (scorching) of upper canopy leaves, suggesting the abrupt change stressed the plants and/or caused feedback effects on photosynthesis. Dark period (night) respiration rates increased during early growth as standing biomass increased and peaked near 9 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ ca. 50 DAP, after which rates declined gradually with age. Stand transpiration showed a rapid rise with canopy ground cover and peaked ca. 50 DAP near 8.9 L m⁻² d⁻¹ under 860 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF and near 6.3 L m⁻² d⁻¹ under 650 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. Based on the best photosynthetic rates from these studies, approximately 25 m² of potato plants under continuous cultivation would be required to support the CO₂ removal and O₂ requirements for one person.     

Seasonal and diurnal behavior of NO2 column density in Antarctica as observed by Mark IV,Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer Number 153

The Meteorology Department of India has been measuring vertical column density of NO₂ at Maitri (70.7°S, 11.7°E), Antarctica since July 1999 using a Mark IV, Brewer Ozone Spectrophotometer. Maitri is situated at the south of the Antarctic circle. An analysis of 6 years of data shows that NO₂ column has seasonal variation with a maximum value during summer. It is also found that during the period when sun does not set, the NO₂ column exhibits a diurnal variation, with a peak around noon and lower values in the morning and afternoon hours. Using a simple steady-state chemical reaction scheme, an attempt has been made to explain these features.     

Study on O2 generation and CO2 absorption capability of four co-cultured salad plants in an enclosed system

The ability to generate O₂ and absorb CO₂ of several co-cultured vegetable plants in an enclosed system was studied to provide theoretical reference for the future man-plant integrated tests. Four kinds of salad plants (Lactuca sativa L. var. Dasusheng, Lactuca sativa L. var. Youmaicai, Gynura bicolor and Cichorium endivia L.) were grown in the CELSS Integration Test Platform (CITP). The environmental factors including O₂ and CO₂ concentration were continuously monitored on-line and the plant biomass was measured at the end of the test. The changing rules of O₂ and CO₂ concentration in the system were basically understood and it was found that the O₂ generated by the plants could satisfy the respiratory needs of 1.75 persons by calculation. It was also found that the plants could absorb the CO₂ breathed out by 2 persons when the light intensity was raised to 550 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ PPF. The results showed that the co-cultured plants hold good compatibility and excellent O₂-generating and CO₂-absorbing capability. They could also supply some fresh edible vegetable for a 2-person crew.     

三维控制图在锂离子电池性能监测中的应用

为了在锂离子电池加速退化试验中监测锂离子电池的性能状态,为分选提供依据,引用了质量管理中的控制图方法.在锂离子电池失效机理的分析中,获得了可以表明电池当前性能状态的两个关键参数:开路电压和放电容量,并讨论了它们的关系;采用放电容量和开路电压形式的二维平面点作为三维控制图的主体,通过相关试验数据使用SPSS数理统计软件确定控制上下限;最后使用MATLAB完成三维控制图,并叙述了几种控制图的分析方法.该结论适用于电池产品的验收和分选,也可为评估电池的寿命及可靠性提供依据.