伺服阀滑阀副叠合量测试技术中的数据处理方法

介绍了伺服阀滑阀副叠合量的测试原理。将数理统计中的相关系数、一元线性回归、F检验等方法应用到了叠合量测试中的数据处理上。给出了伺服阀滑阀副小开口弯曲度的概念,为分析伺服阀滑阀副的小开口特性提供了依据。     

转动副临界角分析及其在四连杆机构中的应用

滑动配合条件下,转动副（R副）通过接触面间的相对滑动提供一个转动自由度。由于接触面间的摩擦和间隙共同作用,R副会在一个小的摆角范围内发生自锁,这一摆角将在机构平衡时带来连杆长度误差和连杆偏角误差。本文指出了R副中临界角的存在,讨论了使得R副实现自锁的临界角范围,在考虑接触变形和不考虑接触变形2种条件下对临界角进行了计算,并以一平面四连杆机构作为应用算例,综合对比了铰链间隙、接触变形和摩擦因素对所在连杆机构输出精度的影响。算例结果表明,在一般的精度计算中铰链间隙及连杆弹性变形起主要影响作用,铰链本身的接触变形量可忽略。      

电液伺服阀衔铁组件过盈配合参数设计

电液伺服阀是航空航天精密电液伺服系统的重要控制元件,其中衔铁组件是负责伺服阀电液转换的关键部件。为保证姿态控制信号的高精度、灵敏放大输出,要求衔铁组件具有极高的位置精度及尺寸精度,其中过盈配合参数设计极为重要。基于厚壁圆筒过盈配合原理,通过对零件材料的屈服极限进行理论分析计算,确定了合理的过盈量范围。计算原衔铁组件各接触面等效应力均超过了材料屈服极限,这是时常出现的管弹簧受损等问题产生的重要原因。经过衔铁组件装配与测试,解决了装配时常出现的组件压配变形、平行度等指标超差及管弹簧受损等问题,过盈联接可靠性和合格率较原来有了很大提升,本文确定的设计参数能更好地满足产品生产要求。     

高压涡轮叶尖径向运行间隙概率设计

为了改善高压涡轮叶尖径向运行间隙(BTRRC,Blade-Tip Radial Running Clearance)设计和控制合理性,考虑典型载荷下的热载荷和机械载荷和合理选取随机变量,在确定性分析基础上对BTRRC进行了概率设计.通过确定性分析,得出涡轮盘、叶片和机匣的径向变形以及BTRRC随时间变化规律,并找出危险点(t=180 s)作为概率设计的计算点.通过概率分析,不但得到了各部件径向变形的概率分布特征及不同稳态叶尖间隙δ下的失效数、失效概率和可靠度,还找到了影响它们径向变形和BTRRC的主要因素.综合考虑航空发动机可靠性和效率,将δ设定为1.95 mm为宜,满足设计和工程要求,为BTRRC的控制和设计提供了依据.     

时变热辐射环境下高温合金蜂窝板三维热变形测量

轻质、高强和隔热性能优良的蜂窝合金板结构已广泛用于航空航天领域,其在模拟瞬态气动热环境下的热变形是高速飞行器热防护结构设计的重要参数之一.首先,用自行研制的红外辐射瞬态气动热实验模拟系统模拟与其服役环境类似的时变热辐射环境,用新型"主动成像"三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)测量方法对高温合金蜂窝板结构试件在时变热辐射环境下不同时刻的三维热变形进行了测量.其次,为保证三维数字图像相关测量方法能有效实施,提出一种制作稳定的大面积高温散斑新方法,该方法制作的高温散斑能在整个实验过程中保持稳定,可作为高温变形的有效载体.最后,用Hoff等效刚度理论计算高温合金蜂窝板在稳态时的最大翘曲位移.研究结果表明:210 mm×210 mm的高温合金蜂窝板在单侧面辐射加热条件下其面内变形为均匀热变形,而离面变形为轴对称的翘曲变形,在900℃时其最大离面翘曲位移约为1.6 mm;Hoff等效刚度理论计算结果与实验结果相吻合.      

考虑在轨热效应的网状天线索网优化设计

网状天线服役于高低温、强辐射的复杂太空环境，其热变形是影响天线在轨性能的重要因素。目前的设计方法均为常温下的索段预应力配置，难以计及服役环境对天线在轨性能的影响。通过在索网模型中引入温度载荷，建立了以常温下索段参数为变量，以服役环境下的索网形面精度和张力分布为目标及约束条件的索网优化模型，从而在设计之初充分考虑服役热环境下的天线性能，改善天线在轨精度和张力分布。分析了天线运行轨道热环境，计算了天线在不同轨道位置的温度场；基于非线性有限元理论，建立了网状天线热结构模型，形成了考虑温度效应的索网找形及优化设计方法；开展了面向天线服役性能的索网优化设计。优化结果表明，该方法有效提高了天线在轨运行时的性能，可为考虑服役环境的网状天线优化设计提供方法和思路。     

转盘轴承集聚效应分析及其对回转性能的影响

针对航天发射台转盘轴承工作时出现滚动体集聚导致摩擦力矩增大的问题，研究转盘轴承中滚动体之间间隙变化对集聚效应的影响。通过对典型工位处进行有限元分析，对比不同接触类型转盘轴承的滚道变形和滚动体接触作用力的分布规律。在确定滚动体与隔离块的几何关系后，进一步分析了滚道变形和滚动体接触作用力的时变性对滚动体间隙变化的影响，并将间隙变化和集聚效应建立了联系。有限元计算得到的发射台框架变形与实验测量数据一致，验证了有限元计算的可靠性。仿真结果显示，由于下滚道发生轴向变形，滚动体在运动过程中不断交替进行“爬坡”和“下坡”；滚道径向变形导致滚动体之间增大了较多的间隙；各滚动体的驱动摩擦力不断变化，运动状态具有时变性，当转盘轴承中间隙增加时，运动状态不断变化的滚动体导致增加的间隙出现累积，引起滚动体集聚。为消除滚动体集聚效应，探索其对摩擦力矩的影响，进行了对比实验。结果表明:集聚效应导致发射台的摩擦力矩增加，且变化剧烈。      

环件径向冷轧塑性变形及残余应力分布仿真

为了消除环件冷轧过程中产生的残余应力,采用弹塑性大变形有限元法对环件径向冷轧过程进行仿真.研究揭示了矩形截面铝合金环件径向冷轧工艺中总压下量不变时,芯辊进给速度对环件塑性变形大小及分布规律的影响.结果表明:进给速度相对较小时,环件鱼尾形状系数较大,随着进给速度进一步增大,鱼尾形状系数反而减小.根据塑性变形的不一致性产生残余应力的原理,进一步分析由此塑性变形规律形成的残余应力分布情况,从而为消除冷轧后残余应力提供理论依据.      

基于混合润滑理论的航空作动器密封性能分析

针对航空作动器不同压力、温度以及作动速度的工作环境,以Trelleborg公司Turcon VL密封为代表,利用混合润滑理论对其性能进行分析,揭示机载工况对航空作动器密封性能的影响规律。建立了基于混合润滑理论的宏观与微观多场耦合模型,包括:考虑空化及流动因子的Reynolds方程油膜模型、Greenwood-Williamson(G-W)的微观接触模型以及Fourier的传热模型。通过有限体积法求解,分析不同压力下宏观接触压力、微观接触压力以及油膜压力分布特点。研究结果表明:随流体压力增大,泄漏量与摩擦力都近似线性增大;在25℃时无泄漏,而温度升高至135℃时产生少许泄漏;随作动速度增大,摩擦力减小但泄漏量增大。      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.