基于投影约束的C臂外参数优化方法

C臂外参数计算是手术导航系统实现图像空间与手术空间映射的关键环节.标记点提取误差将使外参数偏离真值.采用投影方法系统分析选点误差对外参数计算的影响,发现相机光轴方向平移参数收敛性弱、易受误差干扰.利用不同平面上投影距离之比作为约束对线性方法所得外参数进行修正.借鉴二/三维图像配准方法,采用修正后的估计外参数与已标定内参数进行重投影,根据几何方法直接求出外参数修正量,避免反复迭代优化.仿真结果表明,该标定方法对误差具有一定免疫性,能够提高外参数精度.      

基于星下点机动的再入飞行器离轨规划

针对约束再入点地理位置的再入飞行器离轨问题,提出了一种基于星下点机动的离轨规划方法。再入飞行器的离轨轨道设计受到飞行器当前轨道状态和再入点参数的约束。首先,基于轨道飞行原理,建立了一般椭圆轨道冲量模型下离轨制动参数和再入点参数的关系,分析了最优离轨的推力施加原则;其次,在考虑地球自转的前提下,提出了直接离轨必要条件,针对约束再入点经纬度的问题,完善了利用非线性规划优化方法确定有限推力模型下离轨点位置的策略,同时给出了符合燃料最优目标的离轨制动参数;最后,探讨了一般情况下初始轨道不满足直接离轨必要条件时,为满足星下点约束而进行的轨道机动施加策略。      

一种基于B平面参数的深空天体接近段自主轨道控制方法

针对深空探测接近目标天体段轨道,提出了以B平面参数为制导目标参数的自主轨道控制方法.由自主导航系统确定探测器的当前位置和速度,通过精确轨道动力学积分外推到目标天体的近心点得到B平面误差,利用线性制导公式计算出修正轨道需要的速度增量,并用误差椭圆来统计修正后B平面误差.以火星探测为例进行蒙特卡罗仿真,验证了该方法的正确性.     

基于平面变换的高精度相机标定方法

针对传统方法未考虑透视偏差的存在,提取椭圆圆心作为真实物理圆心投影点造成相机标定误差的问题,提出了一种基于平面变换的高精度相机标定方法。提取标定板内外边框上的角点,对标定板进行平面变换,将标记点由椭圆投影成近似的标准圆;利用图像矩提取标准圆圆心的坐标,投影回原标定板平面,得到标记点实际圆心的像素坐标;根据圆形标记点实际圆心的坐标,利用张正友标定法完成相机标定。实验结果表明:与传统方法相比,所提方法将相机标定的误差降低了66.169%,有效提高了相机标定的精度。      

基于单幅立式标靶图像的单目深度信息提取

针对在智能车中车载单目视觉系统已经检测到路面障碍物的情况下,计算障碍物相对于本车的距离问题,提出了一种仅利用单幅标靶图像且无需相机内部参数的图像深度信息提取方法．该方法利用一种放置于相机前方的立式标靶,建立图像纵坐标像素与实际成像角度之间的映射关系,结合投影几何模型实现实时深度信息的提取．依据立式标靶图像的特点,设计了包括标靶图像感兴趣区设置、模板匹配、候选点聚类、筛选及精确定位等处理的亚像素级角点检测及定位算法．实验结果显示,该方法具有较高的测量精度及实时性．相对于在路面摆放参照物的方法,该方法无需大标定场地且规避了数据拟合引起的误差．同时该方法标定只需一幅图像,过程简单,便于实际应用．      

基于最小二乘法的椭圆拟合改进算法

基于最小二乘法研究了一种改进的椭圆拟合算法.最小二乘椭圆拟合算法,由于包含误差较大样本点在内的所有样本点都参与运算,所以会对椭圆拟合的最后结果产生偏差.针对这种情况,采用随机理论的思想,先随机选取6个点拟合椭圆,然后计算与此椭圆匹配的所有样本点个数.重复此过程一定次数,采用投票机制,匹配样本点多的椭圆即为最优椭圆,构造了一种快速准确剔除误差较大样本点的改进椭圆拟合算法,并在实际图像应用中验证了算法能够有效地处理包含有较大比例误差点的样本空间,拟合出具有高精度的椭圆,并且算法的速度能够满足实时性的要求.      

基于霍夫变换的空间非合作目标点云配准算法

针对空间非合作目标点云配准过程中目标残缺、机动过快等问题，对飞行时间深度(TOF)相机点云配准过程进行研究。利用相机可同时获取灰度与深度图的特点，提出一种基于霍夫变换的点云配准算法，在提供精确初始位姿的同时，也加速了最近点搜索过程。对TOF相机摄得灰度图进行边缘检测，利用边缘点以随机霍夫变换的方法拟合椭圆中心，使待配准点云与参考点云中心配准。随后检测图像几何特征，与对应参考点特征相配，提高初始位姿精度，既避免所提算法陷入局部最小，也可解决目标点云缺失无法配准的难题。在最近点搜索过程中，引入kd-tree改进算法，以3σ准则剔除单次k邻近的离群点，提高了相机动态性能。以某实拍卫星模型对所提算法进行仿真分析，成功验证了其对于残缺目标配准的可行性与鲁棒性。同时，在完整与残缺点云目标下，所提算法较于常规霍夫变换法相比分别提速955.3%和440.4%，且精度相当，具有较为广泛的应用前景。     

基于球投影的面阵探测器扭转角测量与校正

为了消除基于面阵探测器的锥束X射线计算机断层成像(XCT,X-ray Computed Tomography)检测系统中探测器的安装误差对重建断层图像的影响,使投影坐标系准确建立,并与重建坐标系精确配准,提出了基于椭圆拟合的平板探测器位姿参数的估计方法.并在此基础上,从锥束XCT的近似重建算法FDK(Feldkamp)出发,结合空间坐标变换原理,改进了重建算法中投影地址的计算方式,使之能在存在安装误差的情况下准确计算投影地址,重建出正确的断层图像.该方法简单有效,计算量小,无需对系统硬件进行调整.实验结果表明,利用该方法可以有效地消除由于探测器位姿引起的图像伪影.     

对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器的长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制

研究了绕飞卫星对异面椭圆轨道目标航天器进行长时间绕飞观测的轨道设计与控制问题。首先建立了适用于目标航天器运行在椭圆轨道上的长期绕飞轨迹设计模型;得到了绕飞轨迹以目标航天器为中心且保持封闭的条件。然后,考虑绕飞轨迹安全性和完成任务的相对距离需求,针对具体目标设计了长期绕飞观测轨道。绕飞过程中存在的摄动和误差影响会使绕飞轨迹不能保持封闭,不满足任务需求,为此采用双脉冲方法对绕飞轨迹进行控制。仿真结果表明,对运行在异面椭圆轨道上的目标航天器,所建立的绕飞轨迹设计模型和轨迹控制方法可以用于长期绕飞轨迹设计与控制中。     

基于球几何特征的摄像机内参分步标定方法

在摄像机标定过程中,球形靶标对图像数量、拍摄角度要求小,能够适应遮挡环境,在使用中具有明显优势.在分析球投影模型几何性质的基础上,提出一种利用球靶标分步标定摄像机内部参数的方法.该方法通过拍摄一幅包含空间中2个不同位置球体的图像,得到图像中的2条投影二次曲线;利用2条投影二次曲线的对称轴和公切线计算球心投影点,通过投影二次曲线的对称轴确定图像主点坐标,根据球心投影点和图像主点的位置关系求解归一化焦距;利用整体优化算法得到内参标定结果.仿真数据实验分析了引入测量误差的主要因素,实物标定结果与平面方格靶标方法相比误差在5%之内,重复测量结果稳定.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

The postmitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae after spaceflight showed higher viability

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been proposed as an ideal model organism for clarifying the biological effects caused by spaceflight conditions. The postmitotic S. cerevisiae cells onboard Practice eight recoverable satellite were subjected to spaceflight for 15 days. After recovery, the viability, the glycogen content, the activities of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, the DNA content and the lipid peroxidation level in yeast cells were analyzed. The viability of the postmitotic yeast cells after spaceflight showed a three-fold increase as compared with that of the ground control cells. Compared to the ground control cells, the lipid peroxidation level in the spaceflight yeast cells markedly decreased. The spaceflight yeast cells also showed an increase in G2/M cell population and a decrease in Sub-G1 cell population. The glycogen content and the activities of hexokinase and succinate dehydrogenase significantly decreased in the yeast cells after spaceflight. In contrast, the activity of malate dehydrogenase showed an obvious increase after spaceflight. These results suggested that microgravity or spaceflight could promote the survival of postmitotic S. cerevisiae cells through regulating carbohydrate metabolism, ROS level and cell cycle progression.     

Signs of Müller cell gliotic response found in the retina of newts exposed to real and simulated microgravity

The effects of real and simulated microgravity on the eye tissue regeneration of newts were investigated. For the first time changes in Müller glial cells in the retina of eyes regenerating after retinal detachment were detected in newts exposed to clinorotation. The cells divided, were hypertrophied, and their processes were thickened. Such changes suggested reactive gliosis and were more significant in animals exposed to rotation when compared with desk-top controls. Later experiments onboard the Russian biosatellite Bion-11 showed similar changes in the retinas that were regenerating in a two-week spaceflight. In the Bion-11 animals, GFAP, the major structural protein of retinal macroglial cells, was found to be upregulated. In a more recent experiment onboard Foton-M3 (2007), GFAP expression in retinas of space-flown, ground control (kept at 1 g), and basal control (sacrificed on launch day) newts was quantified, using microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and digital image analysis. A low level of immunoreactivity was observed in basal controls. In contrast, retinas of space-flown animals showed greater GFAP immunoreactivity associated with both an increased cell number and a higher thickness of intermediate filaments. This, in turn, was accompanied by up-regulation of stress protein (HSP90) and growth factor (FGF2) expressions. It can be postulated that such a response of Müller cells was to mitigate the retinal stress in newts exposed to microgravity. Taken together, the data suggest that the retinal population of macroglial cells could be sensitive to gravity changes and that in space it can react by enhancing its neuroprotective function.