LIPS300离子推力器加速栅电压的优化设计

在不改变推力器几何结构的前提下,为了获得LIPS300离子推力器的最佳加速栅电压,采用半经验分析和数值仿真计算相结合的方法分析了加速栅电压分别为-180V、-190V、-200V、-210V和-220V时LIPS300离子推力器栅极组件引出束流过程中束流离子从非平衡态到平衡态的演化过程,通过数值模拟计算得到了推力器运行过程中交换电荷离子轰击溅射到加速栅壁面的产额,利用寿命预测的半经验计算方法对5种情况下LIPS300离子推力器的栅极寿命进行估计,分析了关键失效模式,通过对比获得了LIPS300离子推力器的最佳加速栅电压。计算结果显示,在现有几何结构下加速栅电压的变化不会影响栅极组件的引出性能;加速栅下游更易受到交换电荷离子的轰击溅射;加速栅电压从-180V变化至-220V过程中,影响栅极寿命的关键失效模式为电子反流失效;对比5种情况下发生电子反流和结构失效时对应的栅极寿命可以发现,LIPS300离子推力器加速栅电压最佳值应为-220V,此时对应的栅极寿命为16170.4h。     

The origin of sulfur-bearing species on the surfaces of icy satellites

We present experimental results in order to understand the physico-chemical effects induced by fast ions irradiating sulfur bearing molecules. The experiments are relevant both to Solar System objects (icy satellites, comets, TNOs) and icy mantles on grains in the interstellar medium. Here we concentrate on the application to the Galilean moons that are exposed to high energetic particle fluxes in the jovian magnetosphere.     

In situ analysis of Europa ices by short-range melting probes

A key aspect for understanding the astrobiological potential of planets and moons in the Solar system is the analysis of material embedded in or underneath icy layers on the surface. In particular in case of the icy crust of Jupiters moon Europa such investigation would be of greatest interest. For a Europa lander to be launched in the 2020–2030 timeframe, we propose to use a simplified instrumented melting probe which is able to access and sample depths of a few meters without the necessity of heavy and complicated drilling equipment.     

Mercury: can any ice exist at subpolar regions?

The heat transfer in a regolith subsurface layer of thickness 20 m has been theoretically simulated for the areas near Mercury's north pole aiming at the clarification of the possible existence of subsurface ice formations of different form. The paper considers different models of the icy regolith structure and composition: pure uniform amorphous ice; a porous dispersive system with ice-filled pores and voids; permafrost. For comparison the heat transfer in dry iceless regolith has been considered as well. It has been shown that the line of maximum distribution of subsurface icy formations depends on the icy regolith model, but for any one in the “hot” regions it does not go below 70°. For the “cool” regions this line has been shown to go from 5° to 10° southward than that for the “hot” ones. The possible thickness of icy regolith near the pole has been estimated for different models assuming an interior heat flow of 15 mW m⁻². It has been shown that the maximum thickness of this layer takes place at the pole and is equal to 10 km for any model.     

Organic solids produced from simple C/H/O/N ices by charged particles: applications to the outer solar system.

CH4, CO, and CO2 are all potential one-carbon molecular repositories in primitive icy objects. These molecules are all found in the Comet Halley coma, and are probable but, (except for CH4 detected on Triton and Pluto) undetected subsurface constituents in icy outer solar system objects. We have investigated the effects of charged particle irradiation by cold plasma discharge upon surfaces of H2O:CH4 clathrate having a 200:1 ratio, as well as upon ices composed of H2O plus C2H6 or C2H2 (sometimes plus NH3) which are also plausible constituents. These materials color and darken noticeably after a dose 10(9) - 10(10) erg cm-2, which is deposited rapidly (< or = 10(4) yr.) in solar system environments. The chromophore is a yellowish to tan organic material (a tholin) which we have studied by UV-VIS reflection and transmission, and IR transmission spectroscopy. Its yield, -1 C keV-1, implies substantial production of organic solids by the action of cosmic rays and radionuclides in cometary crusts and interiors, as well as rapid production in satellite surfaces. This material shows alkane bands which Chyba and Sagan have shown to well match the Halley infrared emission spectrum near 3.4 microns, and also bands due to aldehyde, alcohol and perhaps alkene/aromatic functional groups. We compare the IR spectral properties of these tholins with the spectra of others produced by irradiation of gases and ices containing simple hydrocarbons.     

中国自主木星冰卫星冰下液态海洋探测刍议

木星冰卫星(尤其是"木卫2")在整个太阳系中有非常独特的探测价值,也是当前国际深空探测最前沿、最受关注的领域之一。在对国外相关探测技术归纳总结的同时,结合木星冰卫星冰下海洋探测的若干科学问题,次表层模型、温度廓线及探测深度、电离层的影响等方面,提供了几种木星冰卫星冰下液态水海洋探测的新思路,并给出了一些初步的系统框架设计和次表层介电特性仿真分析等结果。通过对新方法、新模式的探索,有望对我国自主木星冰卫星的次表层液态海洋探测起到良好的借鉴作用。     

Miniaturized laser-induced plasma spectrometry for planetary in situ analysis – The case for Jupiter’s moon Europa

Jupiter’s icy moon Europa is one of most promising places in our Solar System where possible extraterrestrial life forms could exist either in the past or even presently. The Europa Lander mission, an exciting part of the international Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM/Laplace), considers in situ planetary exploration of the moon. The distance of Europa from the Earth and the Sun asks for autonomous analytical tools that maximize the scientific return at minimal resources, demanding new experimental concepts. We propose a novel instrument, based on the atomic spectroscopy of laser generated plasmas for the elemental analysis of Europa’s surface materials as far as it is in reach of the lander for example by a robotic arm or a mole, or just onboard the lander. The technique of laser-induced plasma spectrometry provides quantitative elemental analysis of all major and many trace elements. It is a fast technique, i.e. an analysis can be performed in a few seconds, which can be applied to many different types of material such as ice, dust or rocks and it does not require any sample preparation. The sensitivity is in the range of tens of ppm and high lateral resolution, down to 50 μm, is feasible. In addition, it provides the potential of depth profiling, up to 2 mm in rock material and up to a few cm in more transparent icy matrices. Key components of the instrument are presently developed in Germany for planetary in situ missions. This development program is accompanied by an in-depth methodical investigation of this technique under planetary environmental conditions.     

微小空间碎片与原子氧协同效应研究

利用等离子体驱动微小碎片加速器和潘宁源的原子氧模拟装置在中国首次开展了微小碎片撞击与原子氧协同作用对Kapton膜和镀铝Kapton膜的侵蚀效应研究. 实验结果表明, 碎片撞击能明显加剧原子氧对Kapton和镀铝Kapton膜的侵蚀效应, 对航天器的寿命及可靠性构成威胁, 制约中国长寿命高可靠性航天器的发展.      

论彗星的起源

彗星富含挥发物,这表明它们形成并长期保存于太阳系外部低温区。本文分析了星云盘外缘区的结构,论证了那里不可能存在彗星形成带。作者认为,彗星是木星到海王星这个区域中的残存星子演变而成的。      

A laboratory study on the thermally induced transformation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to the cyanogen anion (CN) in Solar System analog ices

Mixtures of molecular nitrogen and methane have been identified in numerous outer Solar Systemices including the icy surfaces of Pluto and Triton. We have simulated the interaction of ionizing radiation in the Solar System by carrying out a radiolysis experiment on a methane – molecular nitrogen ice mixture with energetic electrons. We have identified the hydrogen cyanide molecule as the most prominent carbon–nitrogen-bearing reaction product formed. Upon warming the irradiated sample, we followed for the first time the kinetics and temporal evolution of the underlying acid–base chemistry which resulted in the formation of the cyanide ion from hydrogen cyanide. On the surfaces of Triton and Pluto and on comets in Oort’s cloud this sort of complex chemistry is likely to occur. In particular, hydrogen cyanide can be produced in low temperature environments (Oort cloud comets) and may be converted into cyanide ions once the comets reach the warmer regions of the Solar System.     

Q345钢两相流冲蚀实验研究

冲蚀磨损广泛存在于民用、工业、军工等领域中，常导致设备受颗粒撞击形成不同程度的损伤。选用Q345钢开展液固两相流冲蚀实验，基于失重法和表面分析技术研究颗粒粒径、颗粒质量分数、冲蚀角度（15°～90°）、冲蚀时间等因素对冲蚀磨损的影响，并对冲蚀后的样品表面形貌特征进行分区。实验结果表明：随颗粒质量分数增大，冲蚀失重量上升的速率逐渐趋于平缓；3D形貌观测发现，颗粒质量分数高于0.1%后，材料表面全部受到了侵蚀，最大冲蚀深度降低；30°冲蚀角度附近Q345钢的质量损失最大，这与其较强的韧塑性有关。基于金相显微拍照分析，90°射流冲击后样品表面分成3个区域，靠近喷嘴外边缘的2区内坑洞和犁沟数量最多，损伤最为严重，这与射流流场特性和颗粒分布有关。     

Analog environments for a Europa lander mission

This paper reviews the utility of analog environments in preparations for a Europa lander mission. Such analogs are useful in the demonstration and rehearsal of engineering functions such as sample acquisition from an icy surface, as well as in the exercise of the scientific protocols needed to identify organic, inorganic and possible biological impurities in ice. Particular attention is drawn to Antarctic and Arctic analog sites where progress in these latter areas has been significant in recent years.     

Entry of dust particles into planetary magnetospheres

While interplanetary dust constitutes a primary source of cosmic particulate matter in planetary magnetospheres, the debris produced by its impact with small satellites and ring material provides an important secondary source. Internal processes, such as volcanic activity, particularly in the smaller satellites, could result in a third source. In the case of the terrestrial magnetosphere there are also artificial (internal) sources: 1–10μ sized A?₂O₃ particles injected by solid rocket mortar burns between near earth and geosynchronous orbit constitute one such source, while the fragments of larger bodies (artificial satellites) due to explosions (e.g., “killer satellites”) and collisions constitute another. Finally, if we include the purely induced cometary magnetosphere among planetary magnetospheres, the injection of cometary dust into it due to entrainment by the outflowing gases constitutes another source.As a result of being immersed in a radiative and plasma environment these dust grains get electrically charged up to some potential (positive or negative). Particularly in those regions where the magnetospheric plasma is hot and dense and their own spatial density is low, the dust grains could get charged to numerically large negative potentials.While this charging may have physical consequences for the larger grains, such as electrostatic erosion (“chipping”) and disruption, it also can effect the dynamics of the smaller grains. Indeed, the small but finite capacitance of these grains, which leads to a phase lag in the gyrophase oscillation of the grain potential, could even lead to the permanent magneto-gravitational capture of interplanetary grains within planetary magnetospheres in certain situations. Here we will review the sources of dust in planetary magnetospheres and discuss their physics and their dynamics under the combined action of both planetary gravitational and magnetospheric electromagnetic forces.     

Saturn's E ring

The E ring is a loose collection of debris orbiting Saturn well outside the classical ring system. Compared to the classical ring system, the E ring is extraordinarily tenuous but occupies an enormous volume. The optical depth has a pronounced maximum near the orbit of Enceladus, which is therefore widely assumed to be the source of ring material. Optical properties of the ring suggest a collection of micron-sized spheroids whose composition is generally supposed to be water ice in accordance with the assumed Enceladus source.Apart from its unusual physical properties, the very existence of the E ring as a permanent feature of the Saturn system is problematical. The particles of the ring are susceptible to erosion by ion sputtering and outward transport by ion drag. Lifetimes against either of these processes in the presence of observed ion populations are estimated to be no more than a few thousand years, and it is not clear that Enceladus can replenish the ring particles continuously on such a time scale. It has thus been suggested that the E ring is a transient feature of the Saturn system, resulting from an episodic disturbance of Enceladus (e.g., a sizeable meteoroid impact or tectonic event) in the recent past. In any case, the E ring presently provides a convenient natural probe of magnetospheric transport processes because it presents a marginally significant cross section for the absorption of magnetospherically-trapped particles traversing its volume.     

有机硅烷提高航天器树脂材料抗原子氧剥蚀

为了提高航天器树脂材料的抗原子氧剥蚀的性能,把缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷加入到环氧树脂中,并对所制成的环氧树脂试样进行原子氧效应地面模拟试验,对试验前后试样的质量损失、表面形貌、表面成分和结构的变化进行了对比和分析.结果表明,添加有机硅烷可以有效地提高环氧树脂的抗原子氧剥蚀性能,试样表面在原子氧的作用下生成了一种三维网状结构,该结构有效地阻止了原子氧对底层材料的进一步剥蚀,使试样的质量损失和剥蚀率明显下降.50h实验之后,添加了质量分数为25.0%的有机硅烷,该材料的剥蚀率约为纯环氧树脂的25%.      

Dust ring/torus around Mars,waiting for detection by NOZOMI

Two small satellites of Mars, Phobos and Deimos, can be dust sources around Mars. Orbits of circummartian dust particles are controlled by solar radiation pressure as well as Martian oblateness. Their orbital eccentricity and inclination can be enhanced greatly by the orbital resonance. Particles from Phobos would form a thin dust ring where dust radius is dominant in 20–200μm. On the other hand, particles from Deimos would form an extended dust torus. Collisions of ring particles on Phobos and Deimos may be the most important dust source. The upper limit of dust production from this self-sustaining mechanism can be estimated from the erosion rate of Phobos. Japanese Mars mission NOZOMI (PLANET-B) could discover dust ring/torus through direct detection by MDC (Mars Dust Counter).     

Thermo-mechanical design and testing of a microbalance for space applications

This work focuses on the thermo-mechanical design of the microbalance used for the VISTA (Volatile In Situ Thermogravimetry Analyzer) sensor. VISTA has been designed to operate in situ in different space environments (asteroids, Mars, icy satellites). In this paper we focus on its application on Mars, where the expected environmental conditions are the most challenging for the thermo-mechanical design.     

Dirty ice grains in comets

Based on the computed equilibrium temperature of evaporating dirty water-ice grains, dirty water-ice halo is examined, taking into account of a size dependence of terminal velocity of dust at P/Halley. It is found that due to an enhanced grain's temperature caused by dirtiness, icy halo cannot extend over 100 km from the nucleus when comet approaches inside a solar distance r of 1 AU. Therefore, it is unlikely that the ice bands in the near infrared wavelengths could be detected in the cometary coma at r<1 AU.     

304不锈钢两相流冲蚀腐蚀的实验研究

通过液固两相流冲蚀腐蚀实验,辅以电化学测量方法,研究了不同冲角（45°,60°,90°）、冲蚀时间、流体性质（有无氯离子）等因素对304不锈钢冲蚀腐蚀的影响。实验结果表明,模拟海水（NaCl的质量分数为3.5%）中的氯离子极大促进了颗粒对材料的冲蚀效果,45°冲角下氯离子对冲蚀腐蚀的促进作用最为显著,其次是90°和60°冲角。金相显微照片显示了冲蚀时间对样品表面形貌的影响。在3个不同冲角冲蚀腐蚀下,电化学测试表明,材料钝化膜随冲蚀腐蚀时间增加而变得不完整是不锈钢材料抗腐蚀性能下降的主要原因。      

Integration of artificial intelligence with meta classifiers for the gully erosion susceptibility assessment in Hinglo river basin,Eastern India

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the gully erosion susceptibility coupling the artificial intelligence and machine learning ensemble approaches. In the present study, the multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) was used as the base classifier and the hybrid ensemble machine learning methods i.e. Bagging and Dagging were used as the functional classifiers. The Hinglo river basin, an important tributary of the Ajay River was selected as the study area, consists with the parts of Chhotonagpur plateau and Rarh lateritic region. The study area is facing the gully erosion problems which are interrupted the growth of the agriculture. The gully erosion susceptibility maps (GESMs), prepared by MLP, MLP-Bagging and MLP-Dagging were classified into four classes such as low, moderate, high and very high susceptibility classes with the help of natural break method (NBM) in GIS environment. The very high susceptibility class covered 19.41% (MLP), 13.52% (MLP-Bagging) and 15.30% (MLP-Dagging) areas of the basin. For the evaluation and comparison of the models, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), accuracy, mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied. Overall, all the gully erosion susceptibility models were performed as excellent. Integration of hybrid ensemble models with MLP has increase the accuracy of the MLP models. Among these models MLP-Dagging has achieved the highest accuracy in compare to the other models. The importance of the selected factors in the present study was assessed by the Relief-F method. The results show that the soil type factor has the highest predictive performance. Sensitivity analysis also showed soil type as most important factor. The gully erosion susceptibility maps (GESMs) are considered as the efficient tool which could be used to take the necessary steps for mitigating and controlling the soil erosion problem and sustainable environmental management and development.