探访彗星内部的"深入撞击"探测器

人类对太阳系形成和演化的探索从很早就开始了,特别是对彗星的考察,使人类有望揭开太阳系形成的秘密,因为从彗星上能够找到太阳系形成和演化的线索。彗星由冰、气体和尘埃构成,这些物质来自约45亿年前太阳系形成早期的原始残骸。继美国航宇局(NASA)的“星尘”彗星探测器于2004年1月成功追上怀尔德-2彗星,并拍摄照片和收集其彗尾物质后,     

ICE测得冰是彗星主要成份

美国“国际彗星探险者”(ICE)于1985年9月11日探测了贾可比尼-津纳彗星,通过对这颗彗星的直接测量证实了这样一种理论,即彗星是由冰形成的“脏雪球”,当彗星接近太阳时,这些冰爆裂成为逆向雪暴物质并升离彗星表面。“国际彗星探险者”提供的第一批有关这颗彗星的直接测量结果证明,彗星体的主要成分是水冰。它是在四十亿年前同木星、土星、天王星和     

星尘号飞越星尘

在彗星物质所形成的巨大“尘暴”中，美国航宇局的星尘号彗星探测器于北京时间2004年1月3日凌晨3时许近距离飞过“怀尔德—2”彗星，成功收集到彗星喷射出来的尘埃。现在星尘号已经在返回地球的途中了。它将把彗星物质带回地球供科学家进行深入的分析。     

“罗塞塔”探秘地球上水的起源

正地球生命所必需的水来自何方?彗星上含水的物质似乎为我们提供了一些线索。彗星也许是个适当的称谓,但"脏雪球"确实形象得多。在巨大的椭圆形轨道上运动,彗星会周期性地从太阳系的外围进入太阳系的腹地。当它们沐浴在阳光下时,就会有物质被蒸发出来,形成标志性的彗尾。几个世纪以来,敬畏和恐惧是这些宇宙流浪者所带给我们人类的感受,由此也激励着科学家们想从近处一探彗星的究竟。因为彗星是数十亿年前     

“深入撞击”彗星探测器发射升空

2005年1月12日,举世注目的“深入撞击”彗星探测器在德尔它2火箭的托举下,从卡纳维拉尔角空军基地发射升空。这一价值3.3亿美元的彗星探测器,将在飞行4.31亿千米之后,于2005年7月4日,撞击“腾佩尔”彗星,以研究彗星内部的秘密。该项目主要负责人赫恩教授认为:“从太阳系形成至今,只有彗星的内部物质是一直没有变化的。在这之前,我们并不了解彗星内部的情况,因此我们希望通过这次‘深入撞击’来收集彗星内部的信息。”此举是人类第一个实际接触并探索彗星的空间计划。俄罗斯发射白杨导弹2004年12月24日,俄罗斯战略导弹部队从普列谢茨克航天发…     

太空新航线

抓住机会,留名彗星 2004年2月之前,您只要登录北京天文馆网站www.bjp.org.cn,在相关网页中成功注册,您的名字就将在2005年7月4日,搭载美国航字局“大冲撞”彗星探测器,抵达并永久地留在坦普尔1号彗星上。“大冲撞”探测器将对彗星内部进行探测,帮助科学家了解有关彗星组成和太阳系形成的信息。其使命的特别之处在于它并非专属于科学家,每一位对太空充满好奇的人都可以参与。尽     

观看彗星50年

从1947n的大彗星到1997年看到明亮的海尔—波普彗星,我看彗星已经整整50年了。 1947年我到紫金山天文台工作时,那年共发现了14颗彗星,而n彗星是最亮的,可惜北半球很难看到。第二年,19481大彗星出现了,是许多年来,北半球肉眼可见的最亮彗星之一,也是我亲眼看到的第一颗彗星。     

瞄准小行星和彗星的航天器

小行星和彗星从何而来?它们之间 是什么关系?只有通过反复的探测和研究才能破解。小行星和彗星是太阳系的成员,对它们进行探测和研究,也是解开太阳系形成和发展(其中包括地球上生命的形成和发展)之谜的重要环节。这也正     

探测彗星与拯救人类（下）

彗星是由太阳系诞生初期的物质构成的．由于它自身的温度极低并处在温度极低的宇宙空间，因此在太阳系诞生46亿年来，彗星几乎始终保持着形成初期的状况，对它进行研究将有助于人类揭开太阳系形成之谜。     

“罗家塔”将接近太阳系的奥秘

欧洲航天局发射的彗星探测器“罗塞塔”已经在太空中翱翔了6年时间，它的最终使命是在2014年与一颗彗星会合，并探索太阳系形成初期的奥秘。但在此之前的漫长旅途中，“罗塞塔”也顺便走访了其他天体，     

陨石、流星体与小行星及彗星的演化关系

小行星、彗星和流星体(meteoroid)都是绕太阳公转的小天体,它们只是在轨道特性和物理-化学性质方面有所不同,流星体泛指在行星际空间运行的、质量从10~(-16)克微流星体或微尘到10~8克的所有小天体,当它们闯入地球大气时与大气剧烈碰撞而产生发光的流星(meteor)现象,落到地面的流星体残余则称为陨石或陨星(meteorite)。     

Comets in other planetary systems?

Comets in our solar system appear to have provided a bridge between the cold, volatile-rich outer solar system, and the warm, but volatile-poor inner solar system. Excluding tidal and possible extinct radionuclide heating sources, only in the inner solar system are temperatures high enough for liquid water, and therefore life as we know it, to exist for times comparable to the age of the solar system. Comets may have been crucial for providing biogenic volatiles and perhaps organic molecules to this warm environment. It is therefore interesting from an exobiological point of view to ask if comets exist in other planetary systems. Most attempts to detect comets around other stars or in interstellar space have failed. However, there is growing spectroscopic evidence for comet-like bodies orbiting the star Beta Pictoris.     

Dark matter in the outer solar system.

There are now a large number of small bodies in the outer solar system that are known to be covered with dark material. Attempts to identify that material have been thwarted by the absence of discrete absorption features in the reflection spectra of these planetesimals. An absorption at 2.2 micrometers that appeared to be present in several objects has not been confirmed by new observations. Three absorptions in the spectrum of the unusually red planetesimal 5145 Pholus are well-established, but their identity remains a mystery.     

等离子体彗星的某些相关分析

本文进行了彗星的分类统计,给出了"太刚活动"和"等离子体彗星出现频数"的统计,表示出它们之间无相关性。作了"太阳活动"与"彗星事件"的相关分析,表明其相关性是弱的;但是,"太阳风风速"与"彗星事件"的相关性较强。最后,用我国自己的资料作为一个实例,讨论了等离子体彗星的象差角及其扭折骚扰。      

Organic analysis of hydrogen cyanide polymers: prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Hydrogen cyanide polymerizes readily to a black solid from which a yellow-brown powder can be extracted by water and further hydrolyzed to alpha-amino acids. These macromolecules could be major components of the dark matter observed on many bodies in the outer solar system, including comets and asteroids. Primitive Earth might therefore have been covered with HCN polymers through bolide bombardment or be terrestrial synthesis. Several instrumental methods were used for the separation and identification of these intriguing polymeric materials, including photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, supercritical fluid extraction chromatography and pyrolysis mass spectrometry. Our integrated analytical approach revealed fragmentation patterns and chemical functionalities consistent with the presence of polymeric peptide precursors both in HCN polymers and in the Murchison meteorite.     

On the evolution of dust in the solar vicinity.

The analysis of interplanetary dust shows that the majority of particles in out-of-ecliptic regions comes from comets and also that near solar dust, in the ecliptic regions, results most probably largely from comets. The intense radiation flux in the solar vicinity is expected to cause strong modifications in the material composition and surface structure of interplanetary dust particles and hence the analysis of near solar dust provides interesting insights into the evolution of meteoritic, especially cometary materials. Because of the lack of in-situ measurements our present knowledge concerning these processes derives from remote sensing, i.e. observations of the solar F-corona. In particular these are observations of albedo, polarization and colour temperature given in terms of average particle properties. For example the analysis of near infra-red F-corona data points to the existence of a strong component of irregularly structured silicate particles, most probably of cometary origin. The data may indicate a subsequent sublimation of different particles or different constituents of the particles. Here we compare particle properties derived from F-corona observations with model calculations of single particle properties and discuss perspectives of future analysis of cometary dust in the interplanetary cloud.     

The seeding of life by comets.

The evidence that living organisms were already extant on the earth almost 4 Gyr ago and that early bombardment by comets and asteroids created a hostile environment up to about this time has revived the question of how it was possible for prebiotic chemical evolution to have provided the necessary ingredients for life to have developed in the short intervening time. The actual bracketed available temporal space is no more than 0.5 Gyr and probably much less. Was this sufficient time for an earth-based source of the first simple organic precursor molecules to have led to the level of the prokaryotic cell? If not, then the difficulty would be resolved if the ancient earth was impregnated by organic molecular seed from outer space. Curiously, it seems that the most likely source of such seeds was the same a one of the sources of the hostile enviroment, namely the comets which bombarded the earth. With the knowledge of comets gained by the space missions it has become clear that a very large fraction of the chemical composition of comet nuclei consists of quite complex organic molecules. Furthermore it has been demonstrated that comets consist of very fluffy aggregates of interstellar dust whose chemistry derives from photoprocessing of simple ice mixtures in space. Thus, the ultimate source of organics in comets comes from the chemical evolution of interstellar dust. An important and critical justification for assuming that interstellar dust is the ultimate source of prebiotic molecular insertion on the earth is the proof that comets are extremely fluffy aggregates, which have the possibility of breaking up into finely divided fragments when the comet impacts the earth's atmosphere. In the following we will summarize the properties of interstellar dust and the chemical and morphological structure of comets indicated by the most recent interpretations of comet observations. It will be shown that the suitable condition for comets having provided abundant prebiotic molecules as well as the water in which they could have further evolved are consistent with theories of the early earth environment.     

Initial results from the repaired solar maximum mission and future prospects

Goals of the recently repaired Solar Maximum Mission Observatory are outlined, including continued emphasis on diagnosing impulsive phase of flares, studies of prominence and coronal plasmas, solar cycle variations of flares, the corona and solar irradiance, and comets. Some preliminary observations taken after the repair are shown, particularly of the X13 flare of April 1984.     

Cometary constraints on the planet forming environment.

Molecular elemental and isotopic abundances of comets provide sensitive diagnostics for models of the primitive solar nebula. New measurements of the N2, NH and NH2 abundances in comets together with the in situ Giotto mass spectrometer and dust analyzer data provide new constraints for models of the comet forming environment in the solar nebula. An inventory of nitrogen-containing species in comet Halley indicates that NH3 and CN are the dominant N carriers observed in the coma gas. The elemental nitrogen abundance in the gas component of the coma is found to be depleted by a factor approximately 75 relative to the solar photosphere. Combined with the Giotto dust analyzer results for the coma dust component, we find for comet Halley Ngas + dust approximately 1/6 the solar value. The measurement of the CN carbon isotope ratio from the bulk coma gas and dust in comet Halley indicates a significantly lower value, 12C/13C = 65 +/- 9 than the solar system value of 89 +/- 2. Because the dominant CN carrier species in comets remains unidentified, it is not yet possible to attribute the low isotope ratio predominantly to the bulk gas or dust components. The large chemical and isotopic inhomogeneities discovered in the Halley dust particles on 1 mu scales are indicative of preserved circumstellar grains which survived processing in the interstellar clouds, and may be related to the presolar silicon carbide, diamond and graphite grains recently discovered in carbonaceous chondrites. Less than 0.1% of the bulk mass in the primitive meteorites studied consists of these cosmically important grains. A larger mass fraction (approximately 5%) of chemically heterogeneous organic grains is found in the nucleus of comet Halley. The isotopic anomalies discovered in the PUMA 1 Giotto data in comet Halley are probably also attributable to preserved circumstellar grains. Thus the extent of grain processing in the interstellar environment is much less than predicted by interstellar grain models, and a significant fraction of comet nuclei (approximately 5%) may be in the form of preserved circumstellar matter. Comet nuclei probably formed in much more benign environments than primitive meteorites.     

Cometary origin of carbon and water on the terrestrial planets.

An early high-temperature phase of the protosolar accretion disk is implied by at least three different telltales in chondrites and confirmed by peculiarities in the dust grains of comet Halley. The existence this high-temperature phase implies a large accretion rate hence a massive early disk. This clarifies the origin of the Kuiper Belt and of the Oort cloud, those two cometary populations of different symmetry that subsist today. Later, when the dust sedimented and was removed from the thermal equilibrium with the gas phase, a somewhat lower temperature of the disk explains the future planets' densities as well as the location beyond 2.6 AU of the carbonaceous chondrite chemistry. This lower temperature remains however large enough to require an exogenous origin for all carbon and all water now present in the Earth. The later orbital diffusion of planetesimals, which is required by protoplanelary growth, is needed to explain the origin of the terrestrial biosphere (atmosphere, oceans, carbonates and organic compounds) by a veneer mostly made of comets.