2009年7月22日日全食期间电离层参量的变化

利用多个电离层垂测站的数据和IGS-TEC数据资料, 结合日地空间环境指数, 分析了2009年7月22日日全食期间中国地区电离层参量(反射回波最低频率fmin及f0F2和TEC)的变化特征. 结果表明, 日食发生后fmin迅速降低, 日食结束后fmin迅速恢复到正常水平; 在食甚时刻附近, f0F2和TEC出现明显的降低, 显示了明显的光食效应. 日食结束后5~6 h, f0F2和TEC出现不同程度的正扰动, 在驼峰区更明显; 日食结束后9~10 h, f0F2和TEC出现较显著的负扰动. 由于此次日食发生时伴随着中等强度的磁暴和低纬电场穿透等空间天气事件, 给此次日食电离层效应的深入分析带来很大困难.      

基于IGS电离层TEC格网的扰动特征统计分析

电离层总电子含量（TEC）是研究空间天气特性的重要参量,通过分析电离层TEC,可以了解空间环境的变化特征.利用IGS提供的1999—2016年全球电离层TEC格网数据,按照地磁纬度将全球划分为高、中、中低、低磁纬四个区域,计算不同区域的电离层扰动;利用大量统计数据选取电离层扰动事件的判定阈值,分析电离层扰动与太阳活动、时空之间的关系;计算电离层扰动指数与地磁活动之间的相关系数.结果显示:电离层扰动与太阳活动变化具有较强的正相关特性.在太阳活动低年,电离层扰动事件发生的概率约为1.79%,在太阳活动高年发生扰动的概率约为10.18%.在空间分布上,无论是太阳活动高年还是低年,高磁纬地区发生扰动事件的概率均大于其他磁纬出现扰动事件的概率.计算得到的中磁纬和中低磁纬地区电离层扰动指数与全球地磁指数Ap的相关系数分别为0.57和0.56,说明电离层扰动指数与Ap具有较好的相关关系;高磁纬电离层扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.44;低磁纬扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.39.以上结果表明,不同区域电离层扰动与全球地磁指数Ap的相关性不同,测定区域地磁指数可能会提高与电离层扰动的相关性.      

夜侧极区电离层对流对行星际激波的响应

利用超级双子极光雷达网（Super Dual Aurora Radar Network,SuperDARN）高频雷达、北半球IMAGE地磁台链以及南极中山站的极光观测数据,研究电离层对流对2012年7月14日一个行星际激波扰动事件的响应.在18:10UT行星际激波到达地球并与磁层相互作用触发地磁急始和磁层亚暴,SuperDARN雷达观测到北半球夜侧极区电离层对流显著增强,观测视野覆盖黄河站的Hankasalmi雷达观测到从激波到达地球至18:33UT,电离层F层出现剧烈扰动,雷达回波数明显增多,并出现局部对流速度反转现象.18:33UT之后,观测到F层出现三块速度高达600m·s-1的逆阳运动不规则体.而与Hankasalmi雷达地磁共轭的南半球Kerguelen雷达探测到的回波主要来自E层,回波数量几乎无变化,但是Kerguelen雷达观测视野内的中山站全天空光学成像仪观测到极光活动显著增强.南北半球夜侧电离层观测结果的差异,主要是由于它们分别处于极夜和极昼.      

电离层H2O释放扰动效应的数值模拟研究

为充分研究化学物质在电离层释放的扰动效应和后期发展效果,基于化学物质在电离层的扩散模型、化学反应和电离层扩展F的控制模型,通过电离层H₂O的释放,研究电子e,H₂O,O+和H₂O+共4种粒子的分布状态,分析点源、多源和线源释放对电离层的扰动效果,比较不同高度、不同量和不同时间释放的影响结果,模拟夜间释放后期所激发的扩展F发展差异.结果表明,H₂O在电离层释放后,能有效耗散背景电子形成空洞,O+和H₂O+数密度呈椭圆形分布;点源、多源和运动目标线源等不同释放方式对电离层的扰动效果不同,证实了人工影响一定形态和区域电离层的可能性;H₂O释放扰动幅度,低层大于高层,白天强于夜晚,释放量越多扰动越突出;夜间化学释放能激发扩展F,并且释放量越多,激发效果越好.      

2000年4月磁暴期间武汉地区F电离层突然抬升现象

2000年4月6-7日的大磁暴(Dst最小值达到-317nT),急始(SSC)在6日1640UT左右出现,随后磁暴主相开始,约在7日0013UT进入恢复相.磁暴主相前期武汉地区F区电离层出现突然抬高现象,在2h内h′F和h_mF₂分别较暴前日增加约200km.此期间台湾中沥也几乎同时出现了F区电离层突增现象.磁暴主相前期f₀F₂较暴前日下降1.6MHz,其变化幅度在f₀F₂逐日变化起伏范围内,但7日f₀F₂最大值明显低于4-6日暴前水平,并伴随着波动特征.认为此次磁暴主相前期武汉地区F区电离层突增现象,可能和夜间磁暴常出现的扰动东向电场有关.      

电离层不规则结构的多普勒谱特性

利用武汉电离层观象台连续5年的高频多普勒记录,研究电离层中不规则结构反射回波的各种频谱特性及其变化。通常,扩展F回波总是引起扩散的多普勒诺;而Es回波的多普勒图白天一般呈平直光滑谱,晚上变得扩散,其多普勒展宽常比未扩散时大2-3倍,达1Hz以上。多普勒图上有时会出现斜描迹多普勒谱,这种谱结构反映了Es或扩展F中电子云团的漂移运动。      

基于佳木斯雷达与北海道东雷达观测的F层不规则体回波发生率

利用佳木斯和北海道东高频相干散射雷达的观测数据，对2018年3月至2019年11月期间两部雷达观测到的F层高度的不规则体回波信号发生率的分布特征进行了对比分析。比较了在地磁平静期（Kp <3）和地磁扰动期（Kp> 3）的不规则体回波发生率变化特征，分析了回波发生率在昏侧与晨侧增强的现象和纬度变化特征。昏侧回波发生率增强现象在45°-64°MLAT范围内普遍存在，其中55°-64°MLAT的回波发生率在地磁扰动期明显增强。而晨侧回波发生率增强现象主要分布在45°-54°MLAT的地区，除了春秋分季外，地磁扰动的增强对其影响较弱。中纬日侧回波发生率受地磁活动影响较小。     

电离层多普勒接收机的设计与实验

利用软件无线电技术设计了一种电离层多普勒接收机. 该接收机采用DSP, FPGA等数字芯片与PXI总线进行架构, 使用GPS作为接收机的时间和频率同 步模块, 能够灵活设置系统参数. 实验接收来自中国蒲城陕西天文台的高 频时间信号, 实时获取由于电离层扰动所产生的多普勒频率偏移信息. 使用通过MATLAB语言实现的信号处理软件平台, 对接收到的高频信号进行处理. 观测结果表明, 接收机能够分析电离层回波信号的多普勒频移随时间的变化, 是获取不同空间尺度电离层扰动信息的一种有效手段.      

磁扰和磁静期间海南扩展F起始时间出现率研究

利用2002年2月至2007年12月(第23太阳活动周的下降段)近6年的海南DPS-4型电离层测高仪探测数据, 对磁扰和磁静夜晚期间扩展F起始时间出现率进行统计研究. 结合海南电离层观测站所观测到的扩展F类型, 将扩展F区分为频率型、区域型、混合型和强区域型, 分别进行统计分析. 结果表明, 无论磁扰还是磁静夜晚, 混合型扩展F起始时间总出现率最高, 最为活跃, 其次为频率型和强区域型扩展F, 最不活跃的是区域型扩展F; 无论在磁扰还是在磁静夜晚条件下, 混合扩展F起始时间主要围绕在午夜前后, 且磁静时更多地起始于午夜前, 而磁扰时则倾向于延至午夜后, 频率型扩展F在午夜后较高, 而强区域型扩展F则在午夜前较高. 在本次太阳活动下降阶段, 强区域型与区域型扩展F的起始时间出现率逐年与太阳活动呈现一定的相关性. 所得结果有助于分析不同类型扩展F在形态和机制方面的差异.      

中性气体释放人工产生气辉

电离层中分子性的离子与电子的复合要比氧离子与电子的辐射性复合快得多,因此火箭发动机产生的尾气和空间等离子体主动实验中主动释放的中性气体会对电离层有很大的影响,这么大的电离层扰动现象在过去的实验中经常可以观测到.根据中性气体在热层背景中的扩散方程,考虑电离层F区主要的离子化学反应,研究了H2,H2O和CO2气体在电离层高度上的扩散过程和电离层对所释放气体的响应,计算了气辉的体发射系数和发射强度.结果表明,中性气体在电离层高度上扩散非常迅速,在F区的一些高度上,主要正离子成分由O+转变为其他分子离子,且在释放过程中伴随气辉发射,发射气辉的波长和特征与释放物质的种类有关.      

IRI-2007对扩展F的预测与观测比较研究

通过对赤道地区两台站的扩展F 实际观测值与IRI-2007 模型预测值的比较, 研究了该模型预测结果的地域局限性和预测的准确度. 该模型建立在美洲扇区赤道附近台站资料基础上, 本文选取非洲扇区大体同纬度两个台站资料进行对比研究. 统计结果表明, 无论在发生概率日均值的年变化趋势上, 还是在扩展F 发生率年均值随地方时变化以及随太阳活动的统计中, 都存在着明显的差异; 而对非洲两站实测值的分析和IRI-2007 模型对南美巴西地区的预测又分别与当前已有的研究结果相符. 分析结果表明, (1) 建立在巴西台站数据基础上的IRI-2007 模型的统计建模极具参考价值; (2) 赤道和低纬度电离层扩展F 现象有强烈的经度效应, 在该模型建模方法基础上, 结合不同扇区实际资料的统计, 能改进该模型全球应用的普适性; (3) IRI-2007模型能正确反映巴西地区扩展F 的发生概率, 用该模型和其他扇区不同条件下的实测值对比, 提供了一个细致研究扩展F经度效应的基础, 有利于确认导致扩展F发生的基本条件和多种影响因素的具体作用.      

Responses of ionospheric foF2 to geomagnetic activities in Hainan

Responses of low-latitude ionospheric critical frequency of F2 layer to geomagnetic activities in different seasons and under different levels of solar activity are investigated by analyzing the ionospheric foF2 data from DPS-4 Digisonde in Hainan Observatory during 2002–2005. The results are as follows: (1) the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity in Hainan shows obvious diurnal variation except for the summer in low solar activity period. Generally, geomagnetic activity will cause foF2 to increase at daytime and decrease at nighttime. The intensity of response of foF2 is stronger at nighttime than that at daytime; (2) seasonal dependence of the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity is very obvious. The negative ionospheric storm effect is the strongest in summer and the positive ionospheric storm effect is the strongest in winter; (3) the solar cycle has important effect on the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity in Hainan. In high solar activity period, the diurnal variation of the response of foF2 is very pronounced in each season, and the strong ionospheric response can last several days. In low solar activity period, ionospheric response has very pronounced diurnal variation in winter only; (4) the local time of geomagnetic activities occurring also has important effect on the responses of foF2 in Hainan. Generally, geomagnetic activities occurred at nighttime can cause stronger and longer responses of foF2 in Hainan.     

Spread-F occurrence during geomagnetic storms near the southern crest of the EIA in Argentina

This work presents, for the first time, the analysis of the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities during geomagnetic storms at Tucumán, Argentina, a low latitude station in the Southern American longitudinal sector (26.9°S, 294.6°E; magnetic latitude 15.5°S) near the southern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Three geomagnetic storms occurred on May 27, 2017 (a month of low occurrence rates of spread-F), October 12, 2016 (a month of transition from low to high occurrence rates of spread-F) and November 7, 2017 (a month of high occurrence rates of spread-F) are analyzed using Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and ionosondes. The rate of change of total electron content (TEC) Index (ROTI), GPS Ionospheric L-band scintillation, the virtual height of the F-layer bottom side (h'F) and the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) are considered. Furthermore, each ionogram is manually examined for the presence of spread-F signatures.The results show that, for the three events studied, geomagnetic activity creates favorable conditions for the initiation of ionospheric irregularities, manifested by ionogram spread-F and TEC fluctuation. Post-midnight irregularities may have occurred due to the presence of eastward disturbance dynamo electric fields (DDEF). For the May storm, an eastward over-shielding prompt penetration electric field, (PPEF) is also acting. A possibility is that the PPEF is added to the DDEF and produces the uplifting of the F region that helps trigger the irregularities. Finally, during October and November, strong GPS L band scintillation is observed associated with strong range spread-F (SSF), that is, irregularities extending from the bottom-side to the topside of the F region.     

同步卫星讯号显示的电离层闪烁特性

本文利用1983年5—8月,1984年5—12月在武昌(114.4°E,30.6°N)对日本ETS-Ⅱ卫星(130.0°E)发出的136.1124MHz讯号的观测资料进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)武昌电离层闪烁不但有日变化,而且有季变化。每年5—7月为闪烁最大活动期,在这些月份的夜间常出现法拉弟旋转角类波扰动伴随有强闪烁现象。武昌电离层闪烁是属于中纬闪烁型;(2)闪烁指数与法拉弟旋转角起伏密切相关,它们出现率之间的相关系数为0.8以上;夜间闪烁与扩展F层,白天闪烁与突发E层出现率之间的相关系数分别为0.6和0.55。      

Ionospheric scintillations at Guilin detected by GPS ground-based and radio occultation observations

The occurrence of ionospheric scintillations with S4 ? 0.2 was studied using GPS measurements at Guilin, China (25.29°N, 110.33°E; geomagnetic: 15.04°N, 181.98°E), a station located near the northern crest of the equatorial anomaly. The results are presented for data collected from January 2009 to March 2010. The results show that nighttime amplitude scintillations only took place in February and March of the considered years, while daytime amplitude scintillations occurred in August and December of 2009. Nighttime amplitude scintillations, observed in the south of Guilin, always occurred with phase scintillations, TEC (Total Electron Content) depletions, and ROT (Rate Of change of TEC) fluctuations. However, TEC depletions and ROT fluctuations were weak during daytime amplitude scintillations, and daytime amplitude scintillations always took place simultaneously for most of the GPS satellites which appeared over Guilin in different azimuth directions. Ground-based GPS scintillation/TEC observations recorded at Guilin and signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) measurements obtained from GPS-COSMIC radio occultation indicate that nighttime and daytime scintillations are very likely caused by ionospheric F region irregularities and sporadic E, respectively. Moreover, strong daytime amplitude scintillations may be associated with the plasma density enhancements in ionospheric E region caused by the Perseid and Geminid meteor shower activities.     

A comparative study of decision tree,random forest,and convolutional neural network for spread-F identification

Ionospheric spread-F (SF) is a commonly observed phenomenon of electron density perturbation in the F-layer. The ionospheric irregularities structure has an adverse effect on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the ionosphere. The automatic identification of ionospheric spread-F and statistical study of the formation of spread-F are of great significance to the study of the physical mechanism of ionospheric inhomogeneity and for prediction of ionospheric irregularities. In this paper, we describe and implement three automatic identification methods of spread-F based on machine learning: decision tree, random forest, and convolutional neural network (CNN). The performance of these automatic identification methods was verified using a large set of test data. Results show that the accuracy of all three methods on identifying ionograms with spread-F exceeded 90%. After comparing the results of the three methods, we found that the decision tree method was the simplest and with the structure easiest to be understood, and it required the shortest interpretation time. In terms of the identification results, the random forest method provided better results than the decision tree method, and the CNN method was the best at accurately identifying ionograms with spread-F.     

A comparative study of ionospheric spread-F and scintillation at low- and mid-latitudes in China during the 24th solar cycle

The spread-F echo of ionograms and scintillation of satellite signal propagation along the Earth-space path are two typical phenomena induced by ionospheric irregularities. In this study, we obtained spread-F data from HF (high frequency) digital ionosonde and scintillation index (S4) data from L-band and UHF receivers at low- and mid-latitudes in China during the 24th solar cycle. These four sites were located at Haikou (HK) (20°N, 110.34°E), Kunming (KM) (25.64°N, 103.72°E), Qingdao (QD) (36.24°N, 120.42°E), and Manzhouli (MZL) (49.56°N, 117.52°E). We used these data to investigate spread-F and scintillation occurrence percentages and variations with local time, season, latitude and solar activity. A comparative study of spread-F and scintillation occurrence rates has been made. The main conclusions are as follows: (a) FSF occurred mostly during post-midnight, while RSF and scintillation appeared mainly during pre-midnight at HK and KM; (b) FSF occurrence rates were larger at QD and MZL than expected; (c) the FSF occurrence percentages were anti-correlated with solar activity at HK and KM; meanwhile RSF and scintillation occurrence rates increased with the increase of solar activity at this two sites; (d) the highest FSF occurrence rates mostly appeared during the summer months, while RSF and scintillation occurred mostly in the equinoctial months at HK and KM; (e) the scintillation occurrence was usually associated with the appearance of RSF, probably due to a different physical mechanism comparing with FSF. Some of these results verified the conclusions of previous papers, whereas some show slight difference. These results are important in understanding ionospheric irregularities variations characteristic at low- and mid-latitudes in China.     

电离层TEC日落阶段涨落异常增强现象研究

重点报道了一种TEC信距测量的夜间抖动异常现象，分析了这种现象的观测特征，指出了夜间GPS伪距观测是的异常抖动，特别是日落后时段GPS伪距观测量的散开十分严重的乐是个别的偶然现象，在考察了周围环境之后初步排除了这种现象是由周围地物引起的可能性，而进一步与电离层不均匀体（Spread-F)的特征，特别是它发生率最大的地方时进行比较，认为这是一种电离层效应，由大尺度的电离层不规则结构造成的散射很可能是这种夜间散开的主要原因。本文仅就单站GPS观测资料认证了这种夜间强烈抖动的存在，分析了北京上空电离层中发生的不均匀体或各种扰动对GPS信号的可能影响及其观测特征，指出了夜间GPS伪距观测量的异常抖动，特别是日落后时段GPS伪距观测量的散开十分严重的现象，可以用于电离层不规则结构的研究。由于GPS设备比较简便，数据量大，精度高，适用于各种环境等特点，我们发展的单站数据分析方法可能会对研究电离层TEC夜间涨落异常增加现象，包括地域，时间上的统计特性比较有利。     

海口站与Huancayo站扩展F的差异

本文统计分析了我国海口站太阳黑子高年和低年的扩展F的资料,得出了该站扩展F的出现率随地方时、季节和太阳活动周期的某些变化规律并与Huancayo站扩展F的资料进行了比较,指出了两站扩展F的差异。