中国典型区域Es特性研究

利用中国海口、长春和拉萨三个站1976-1986年一个太阳周的观测数据, 对中国典型区域的Es特性进行了研究. 分析了不同强度Es (f₀E_s > 3, 5, 7, 9MHz)出现概率随本地时、季节以及太阳活动的变化规律, 并对电离层Es遮蔽情况(包括全遮蔽和半遮蔽)进行了系统分析. 研究结果表明, 各种强度的Es出现概率均是白天大于夜间, 夏季高于其他季节, 随太阳活动性变化规律不明显, 地区差异较大, 大部分情况拉萨站Es出现概率最高; 对于全遮蔽和半遮蔽特性, 不同站也表现出不同的分布规律.      

电离层序列型Es层的动力学特征

本文分析了武昌站1964至1973年出现于白天的序列型Es层(即Ess层)的频高图,发现Ess层和出现于夜间的运动型E区厚层(即Em层)在层的发展变化特征、出现规律以及与地磁及太阳活动的关系等方面都非常相似,并探讨了它们的形成机制,指出它们是电离层动力学过程引起的同一物理现象.     

从地磁扰动分析太阳共转周期结构

本文运用相关、功率谱等数字信号处理方法对20周太阳风速度和地磁扰动进行比较,得出两者反映的太阳共转周期结构十分相似.且用1900—1979年的地磁C₉指数进行了自相关分析,发现在相当长的时间中,地磁扰动存在13天、27天的周期成份,说明日冕上可能具有某种固有的分布结构,通过不同的太阳活动周的比较,说明太阳活动水平及黑子面积南北半球不对称都对地磁C₉指数能否明显反映日冕上固有分布结构的活动和发展有影响.      

地磁扰动期间日本Kokubunji站电离层的扰动特征分析

利用日本Kokubunji站(139.5°E,35.5°N)1959年1月到2004年12月共46年的F2层临界频率foF2参数,统计分析了Kokubunji站电离层F2层峰值电子浓度NmF2随地磁活动、太阳活动、季节和地方时变化的形态特征.结果表明,总体来看,磁暴期间Kokubunji站电离层响应以正暴为主,其中在太阳高年夏季为负暴,冬季为正暴,春秋季以负暴为主但幅度较小;在太阳低年夏季以正暴为主,冬季为正暴,春秋季以正暴为主.NmF2扰动与ap指数在夏季太阳高年负相关,在冬季无论太阳高年低年均为正相关,春秋季中4月和9月在太阳高年类似夏季,3月和10月在太阳低年类似冬季.电离层最大负相扰动对最大地磁活动的延迟时间约为12～15 h;正相扰动的延迟时间则分别为3 h和10 h.地磁活跃期间地方时黄昏后到午夜前倾向于正相扰动,清晨倾向于负相扰动.      

低纬100—200km间电子数密度的变化

利用光化平衡模式计算了低纬100—200km间白天电子数密度的变化。求得E-F₁谷区的谷深,谷宽、谷高的变化特征。获得如下结果:a.太阳活动明显影响电子数密度随高度及太阳天顶角的变化,发现太阳活动指数与电子数密度间不仅存在正相关,而且存在负相关;b.太阳活动明显影响E-F₁谷区的形态。在一定太阳活动条件下,对同一太阳赤纬和地理纬度,谷深、谷宽与太阳天顶角的关系难以用一简单函数来表示;c.太阳耀斑、地磁活动对该区电子密度有明显影响;d.在讨论100—200km间电子密度时不能忽略O+（2P）和NO的光电离率。      

一氧化氮冷却率的变化及其作用

利用最新的NO经验公式,计算了近两个太阳活动周期100-200km间NO的冷却率,研究了太阳和地磁活动对NO和O冷却率的影响。进一步证明了NO冷却是120km以上热层的主要冷却过程。      

太阳风和地球磁层相互作用的两种可能类型

本文对太阳活动20周不同活动期间的太阳风参数与地磁活动性指数分别进行了相关分析,并进一步对太阳活动极大和极小年分别对B_z和太阳风参数V、T、N的时均值日方差作了分析比较。结果指出,除目前普遍认为的IMF与地磁场重联导致的磁扰外,还有一类与B_z无关,而是由高温、高速、热不均匀太阳风等离子体导致的地磁扰动类型。      

太阳活动低年广州地区地磁扰动与电离层闪烁的统计特征分析

基于肇庆地磁台的地磁监测数据和广州气象卫星地面站建立的华南地区GPS电离层闪烁监测网的监测数据, 统计分析了2008年7月至2010年7月太阳活动低年期间广州地区地磁扰动与电离层闪烁的关系. 用肇庆台地磁水平分量H的变化量换算出肇庆地磁指数K, 以此来代表广州地区地磁扰动情况.分析结果表明, 磁暴/强地磁扰动对广州地区电离层闪烁的发生总体表现为抑制作用, 电离层闪烁主要发生在低K值期间, 而在K ≥ 4时电离层闪烁的发生呈下降趋势. 电离层闪烁发生率随季节和地磁活动的变化规律表现在, 春季的弱闪烁发生率、夜间中等以上闪烁发生率和夏季中等以上闪烁的发生率明显与地磁活动指数K相关, 即随$K$指数的增大而减小; 在秋季和冬季闪烁发生率与K指数变化无明显关系. 同时还综合分析了地磁与太阳活动的变化对电离层活动的影响, 广州地区闪烁主要发生在太阳活动较低的磁静日期间.      

重庆与兰州电离层Es出现率的比较研究

对重庆(29.5,106.6)与兰州(36,103.9)f₀E_s>5MHz的Es出现率和E层临界频率f₀E进行了详细对比研究.结果表明:(1)此两地Es出现率的变化特征显著.白天重庆高于兰州;晚上则正相反.(2)出现率的这种变化与Es环境电离密度的变化趋势十分一致.(3)上述特征的形成,除了此两地纬度上的差异外,与兰州地处地磁S_q电流系的焦点很有关系.      

太阳活动与热层大气密度的相关性研究

为分析太阳活动对热层大气的影响,使用250km,400km,550km高度处热层大气密度与太阳F_10.7指数数据,研究了二者的周期变化及相关关系. 结果表明,热层大气密度的变化与太阳活动呈现相似的变化趋势;两者均具有显著的27天及11年周期变化特征,热层大气密度还存在7～11天及0.5年和1年的变化特征,且高度越高越明显;热层大气密度对太阳活动的最佳响应滞后为3天,无论何种地磁活动水平下,400km高度处相关性高于250km,550km处相关性最小,且太阳活动下降相期间高于上升相;250km,400km和550km高度处热层大气密度和太阳活动的统计结果分别为饱和、线性和放大关系;高度越高的热层大气密度对太阳活动响应越敏感.      

基于IGS电离层TEC格网的扰动特征统计分析

电离层总电子含量（TEC）是研究空间天气特性的重要参量,通过分析电离层TEC,可以了解空间环境的变化特征.利用IGS提供的1999—2016年全球电离层TEC格网数据,按照地磁纬度将全球划分为高、中、中低、低磁纬四个区域,计算不同区域的电离层扰动;利用大量统计数据选取电离层扰动事件的判定阈值,分析电离层扰动与太阳活动、时空之间的关系;计算电离层扰动指数与地磁活动之间的相关系数.结果显示:电离层扰动与太阳活动变化具有较强的正相关特性.在太阳活动低年,电离层扰动事件发生的概率约为1.79%,在太阳活动高年发生扰动的概率约为10.18%.在空间分布上,无论是太阳活动高年还是低年,高磁纬地区发生扰动事件的概率均大于其他磁纬出现扰动事件的概率.计算得到的中磁纬和中低磁纬地区电离层扰动指数与全球地磁指数Ap的相关系数分别为0.57和0.56,说明电离层扰动指数与Ap具有较好的相关关系;高磁纬电离层扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.44;低磁纬扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.39.以上结果表明,不同区域电离层扰动与全球地磁指数Ap的相关性不同,测定区域地磁指数可能会提高与电离层扰动的相关性.      

Dependence of E-sporadic layer response on solar and geomagnetic activity variations from its ion composition

The aim of this paper is to consider an influence of solar and geomagnetic activity level variations on frequency and stochastic parameters of mid-latitude ionosphere sporadic-E layer. Critical frequency of sporadic-E layer, foEs, relative excess of sporadic ionization over monthly median values, foEs − foEm/foEm, and probability of Es layer appearance, PEs, are considered. It has been found that sporadic-E layer parameters response to solar and geomagnetic activity level variations can be both positive (foEs and PEs values are increase) and negative (foEs and PEs values are decrease). In particular, sporadic-E layers response to solar and geomagnetic activity variations are different depending upon layer intensity. It is suggested that revealed differences may be associated with dissimilarity of the layers ion composition (high-intensive layers are composed from metallic ions and low intensive composed from molecular ions).     

Time delay of ionospheric TEC storms to geomagnetic storms and pre-storm disturbance events in East Asia

Using the TEC data at Beijing (39.61°N, 115.89°E)/Yakutsk (62.03°N, 129.68°E) stations of East Asia regions and relevant geomagnetic data from 2010 to 2017, we have studied the time delay of ionospheric storms to geomagnetic storms and compare it with our previous results of Taoyuan (25.02°N, 121.21°E) station (Zhang et al., 2020). The data shows a well-known local time dependence of the time delay, and seasonal dependences are different at these stations. In addition, there is no correlation between the time delay and the magnetic storm intensity /solar activity, except the time delay of negative storms has weakly negative dependence on the solar activity. Comparing with the results of Taoyuan station which is located at EIA region in East Asia, we find that the time delay increases nonlinearly as the latitude decreases due to different ionospheric backgrounds at these places. Moreover, the pre-storm disturbance events are found to have similar statistical characteristics as the pre-storm enhancement in Europe middle latitudes (Bure?ová and La?tovi?ka, 2007). By subtracting the common features of the pre-storm disturbance events, we preliminarily infer that auroral activity might be main driver of the pre-storm disturbance events.     

基于因果卷积与LSTM网络的电离层总电子含量预报

电离层总电子含量（TEC）不仅是分析电离层形态的关键参数之一,同时为导航及定位等空间应用系统消除电离层附加时延提供重要支撑。由于电离层TEC的时空变化特征,本文融合因果卷积和长短时记忆网络,以太阳活动指数F_10.7、地磁活动指数Dst和电离层TEC历史数据作为特征输入,构建深度学习模型,实现提前24 h预报电离层TEC。进一步利用2005－2013年连续9年的CODE TEC数据,全面评估了模型在北京站（40°N,115°E）、武汉站（30.53°N,114.36°E）和海口站（20.02°N,110.38°E）的预报性能。结果显示不同太阳活动条件下三个站的TEC值与真实测量值的相关系数都大于0.87,均方根误差大都集中在0～1 TECU以内,且模型预报精度与纬度、太阳、地磁活动程度、季节变化相关。与仅由长短时记忆网络构成的预报模型相比,本实验模型均方根误差降低了15%,为电离层TEC预报模型的实际应用提供了参考。      

Seasonal variability of GPS-VTEC and model during low solar activity period (2006–2007) near the equatorial ionization anomaly crest location in Chinese zone

Variability of vertical TEC recorded at Fuzhou (26.1°N, 119.3°E, geomagnetic latitude 14.4°N), Xiamen (24.5°N, 118.1°E, geomagnetic latitude 13.2°N), Nanning (22.8°N, 108.3°E, geomagnetic latitude 11.4°N), China, during the low solar activity in 2006–2007 have been analyzed and discussed. Remarkable seasonal anomaly was found over three stations with the highest value during spring and the lowest value during summer. The relative standard deviation of VTEC is over 20% all the time, with steady and smooth variation during daytime while it has a large fluctuation during nighttime. The biggest correlation coefficient was found in the VTEC-sunspot pair with a value of over 0.5. It seems that solar activity has a better correlation ship than geomagnetic activity with the variation of VTEC and better correlations are found with more long-term data when comparing our previous study. The results of comparing observation with model prediction in three sites reveal again that the SPIM model overestimates the measured VTEC in the low latitude area.     

2008—2009年电离层对重现型地磁活动的响应

利用2008—2009年的GPS TEC数据,分析了电离层对冕洞引起的重现型地磁活动的响应. 结果表明,在太阳活动低年,电离层TEC表现出与地磁 ap指数（采用全球3h等效幅度指数ap来表征）和太阳风速度相似的9天和13.5天短周期变化,表明TEC的这种短周期特性主要与重现型地磁活动相关. 地磁纬度和地方时分析表明,夜间高纬地区正负相扰动明显,中低纬地区则以正相扰动为主,较大的TEC变幅主要发生在南北半球高纬地区,夜间南半球高纬地区TEC变化相对ap指数变化有相位延迟. 白天中低纬地区正负相扰动明显,TEC短周期变化与ap指数变化相位基本一致. 2008年TEC的9天和13.5天周期变化幅度大于2009年.      

A comparative sporadic-E layer study between two mid-latitude ionospheric stations

Hourly systematic measurements of the highest frequency reflected by the sporadic-E layer (foEs) recorded from January 1976 to June 2009 at the ionospheric stations of Rome (Italy, 41.8°N, 12.5°E) and Gibilmanna (Italy, 37.9°N, 14.0°E) were considered to carry out a comparative study between the sporadic E layer (Es) over Rome and Gibilmanna. Different statistical analysis were performed taking into account foEs observations near the periods of minimum and maximum solar activity. The results reveal that: (1) independently from the solar activity, Es develops concurrently over extended regions in space, instead of being a spatially limited layer which is transported horizontally by neutral winds over a larger area; especially during summer months, when an Es layer is present at Rome, there is a high probability that an Es layer is also present over Gibilmanna, and vice versa; (2) Es layer lifetimes of 1–5 h were found; in particular, Es layers with lifetimes of 5 h both over Gibilmanna and Rome are observed with highest percentages of occurrence in summer ranging between 80% and 90%, independently from the solar activity; (3) latitudinal effects on Es layer occurrence emerge mostly for low solar activity during winter, equinoctial, and summer months, when Es layers are detected more frequently over Gibilmanna rather than Rome; (4) when the presence of an Es layer over Rome and Gibilmanna is not simultaneous, Es layer appearance both over Rome and Gibilmanna confirms to be a locally confined event, because drifting phenomena from Rome to Gibilmanna or vice versa have not been emphasized.     

Statistical study of the time delay of ionospheric TEC storms to geomagnetic storms in Taoyuan,Taiwan

We have studied the time delay of ionospheric storms to geomagnetic storms at a low latitude station Taoyuan (25.02°N, 121.21°E), Taiwan using the Dst and TEC data during 126 geomagnetic storms from the year 2002 to 2014. In addition to the known local time dependence of the time delay, the statistics show that the time delay has significant seasonal characteristics, which can be explained within the framework of the seasonal characteristics of the ionospheric TEC. The data also show that there is no correlation between the time delay and the intensity of magnetic storms. As for the solar activity dependence of the time delay, the results show that there is no relationship between the time delay of positive storms and the solar activity, whereas the time delay of negative storms has weakly negative dependence on the solar activity, with correlation coefficient −0.41. Especially, there are two kinds of extreme events: pre-storm response events and long-time delay events. All of the pre-storm response events occurred during 15–20 LT, manifesting the Equator Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) feature at Taoyuan. Moreover, the common features of the pre-storm response events suggest the storm sudden commencement (SSC) and weak geomagnetic disturbance before the main phase onset (MPO) of magnetic storms are two main possible causes of the pre-storm response events. By analyzing the geomagnetic indices during the events with long-time delay, we infer that this kind of events may not be caused by magnetic storms, and they might belong to ionospheric Q-disturbances.