固化土结构形成及强度增长机理试验

根据固化土实际固化过程,提出一个新的固化土结构模型,即固化土结构形成主要由固化剂胶结土颗粒和填充孔隙两部分构成.根据这一结构模型,以粉砂土作为研究对象,用水泥作为固化剂,由理论计算得出的固化土中胶结土颗粒和填充孔隙所对应的固化剂用量与由试验得出的相应固化剂掺量相当吻合,且基于该固化土结构模型,可以对固化土抗压强度增长规律与固化剂掺量相互关系等试验现象给予较好的解释.另外,通过用膨胀剂代替上述固化剂中用于填充孔隙的水泥掺量,以及减少和增加固化剂中水泥掺量,验证了土颗粒胶结和孔隙填充对固化土结构形成及强度增长的作用,并指出孔隙填充对固化土抗压强度提高起重要作用.      

氯盐对碱激发矿渣净浆强度影响试验

通过对掺加氯化钠(NaCl)、氯化钙(CaCl₂)的碱激发矿渣(KC)净浆的无侧限抗压强度试验,研究两种氯盐对KC净浆强度的影响规律,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG-DTG)、液相离子测定、水化程度测定等测试手段,分析两种氯盐对KC净浆强度的作用机理.结果表明,随着NaCl掺量增加,KC净浆抗压强度提高;随着CaCl₂掺量增加,KC净浆抗压强度基本不变.掺加NaCl与CaCl₂的KC净浆中均生成含氯水化物水化氯铝酸钙(Fs,Friedel's salt),但Fs的生成对KC净浆强度无影响作用.掺加NaCl的KC净浆中氢氧化钠(NaOH)的生成是导致其强度增强的主要原因,混合物中NaOH的存在提高了KC净浆的液相碱度,促进矿渣水化的进一步发生,进而生成更多的水化硅酸钙(CSH)使KC净浆强度得到提高.      

工业废渣制备软土地基固化剂设计方法探讨

探讨了拟加固土的化学性质因素对固化剂水化物生成的影响和对策、形成最佳固化土结构需要的水化物体系特点、不同种类水化物生成过程的协调性及调控方法.在此基础上,根据工业废渣在制备软土固化剂中的技术优势,提出了利用工业废渣制备软土地基固化剂的设计思想与方法,并给出设计实例.试验结果表明利用工业废渣制备固化剂时采用本设计方法,固化土28d无侧限抗压强度比水泥固化土提高了1.5~2.75倍.     

释放不同化学物质对电离层扰动的比较

在电离层F区释放氢（H₂）、水（H₂O）、二氧化碳（CO₂）、六氟化硫（SF₆）、三氟溴甲烷（CF₃Br）、羰基镍（Ni（CO）₄）可以损耗局域等离子体电子密度,形成电子空洞,电离层电子密度的改变主要取决于释放物质的气态分子与电离层之间的离子化学反应.在电离层人工主动扰动实验中,应根据发射成本和扰动效果对释放物质进行选择.通过热力学原理和有限元模拟方法计算比较了上述6种物质对电离层的扰动影响.计算结果表明,6种物质中水的气化率最低,约为19%,其余5种物质都在60%以上,选择密度小的物质,例如H₂和CO₂,可以有效降低发射成本.另外,扩散较慢且化学反应较快的物质,例如SF₆和Ni（CO）₄,能够使得电离层电子密度减少得更多,并且受扰动区域更广、持续时间更长.     

原子力显微镜下LY12铝合金的微生物腐蚀行为

采用原子力显微镜对硫酸盐还原细菌引起的LY12铝合金腐蚀进行了研究.分别研究了不同质 量分数 的Fe²⁺, Cl^-, SO^2-₄离子对硫酸盐还原细菌(SRB)引起的LY12铝合金腐 蚀 的影响.Fe²⁺质量分数的增加会使腐蚀程度增加.随着Cl^-质量分数的增加,局部腐 蚀也会严 重.在一定质量分数范围内,SO^2-₄加速腐蚀;当超过一定质量分数后,SO^2- ₄会减 缓腐蚀.当SO^2-₄离子质量分数从0.80%增加到1.50%时,溶液腐蚀性有所降低.通过 原子力显微镜的研究,可以直观的说明电化学研究的结果和各影响因素的作用.     

固胶对保偏光纤环的影响

阐述了固胶对光纤环及光纤陀螺两个重要性能参数——温度性能和振动性能的作用和影响,针对某项目对光纤陀螺实际要求的条件进行了陀螺的全方面试验,并分析试验结果.试验和分析结果表明,固胶对光纤环和光纤陀螺的影响是由涂胶工艺不当带来的,涂胶量及涂胶的均匀度是产生影响的两个主要因素,胶的温度性能及自身固化后状态对光纤环性能也会产生影响.得出结论:固胶工艺或固胶方式、方法对光纤环的性能有极大的影响,特别是对光纤环在温度变化时的影响表现更为明显,另外,固胶对光纤环的影响,还表现在胶固化后的状态.      

释放SF6气体扰动电离层时的人工气辉研究

在电离层高度释放SF₆气体能够显著扰动电离层.根据SF₆分子在电离层中的扩散方程,同时考虑其在电离层中主要的离子化学反应,研究了SF₆气体释放后电离层各粒子浓度的时空变化,计算了产生人工气辉的体发射系数和发射强度.结果表明,SF₆气体在电离层高度释放后,电子和O⁺的密度均有大幅度下降,主要的负离子成分由电子转变成SF₅^-;在释放过程中,主要产生777.4 nm和135.6 nm两种气辉,且前者的气辉强度远小于后者;电离层温度对气辉的强度有很大的影响.本文的数值计算与美国IMS/SF₆实验观测数据进行比较,结果近似,且通过数据比较还能准确推断出实验时当地的电离层温度.     

L10结构金属间化合物空位形成能

L1₀结构CoPt和FePt 薄膜因其高磁各向异性而成为新一代超高磁记录密度材料.采用Miedema理论计算了多种L1₀结构金属间化合物的空位形成能.研究结果表明:在这些金属间化合物中可能形成的空位类型,如FeNi和MnNi合金中易形成Ni空位;FePt和FePd合金中易形成Fe空位;CoPt合金中易形成Co空位;NiPt合金中易形成Ni空位;MnPt合金中易形成Pt空位;MnPd和MnHg合金中易形成Mn空位;MnRh合金中易形成Rh空位.这一研究结果为进一步研究开发高性能的磁性薄膜提供了理论依据.     

低掺量石墨水泥基材料的压敏特性

通过减水剂将少量石墨加入水泥基材料中制成石墨水泥基材料试样,采用交流分压电路测量其电阻率,研究其在一次性加载破坏试验中的压敏特性.试验结果表明,低掺量石墨粉作为导电组份加入水泥基材料后会导致其强度降低,但可以使水泥基材料具有一定程度的压敏特性.随着石墨掺量的增加,各组试样电阻率的离散性变小,材料的压敏特性提高,在加载过程电阻率的波动变小.在本试验的测量方法下得到的石墨水泥基材料的压敏特性曲线与混凝土材料的应力应变曲线有相关性,试样的电阻率随着应力的增大而产生变化的过程大体可分为3个阶段,即波动阶段、稳定下降阶段和急剧下降阶段,分别对应混凝土材料应力应变关系的弹性变化、非弹性变化和应变迅速增大阶段.      

Si对TiAl合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱仪等手段研究了TiAl-Si(原子数分数为0~20%)合金在1 173 K大气中24 h的恒温氧化.结果表明:Si元素可以有效地提高TiAl合金的高温抗氧化性能;随着Si含量的增加,氧化膜厚度依次减薄,TiO₂的含量逐渐减少,Al₂O3的含量逐渐增加,添加到10%左右时就有连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜形成;Si在0~20%的添加过程中并没发现Si的氧化物生成.分析表明:Si对抗氧化性能的贡献可归结于Si与Ti有很好的亲和力,可以有效地降低Ti离子的活度、阻碍Ti离子的向外扩散, 相对来说增强了Al离子的活度,促进连续致密的Al₂O₃保护膜生成.      

月面钻进真空环境模拟装置的设计与验证

探月工程（三期）项目提出了在月面进行至少2 m深度的钻取采样任务,前期需要在地面进行模拟月面钻进过程热特性的研究,为此本文发明了一套月面真空环境模拟装置。根据模拟月壤钻进试验的要求,设计了一种可从底部抽气的三段式可多次拆装的真空罐结构。考虑到模拟月壤的颗粒大小和快速抽真空的要求,设计了一种筛网状具有多层过滤结构的月壤筒。根据在真空度不变的条件下可进行连续多次钻进试验的要求,设计了可从外部操作的具有缺齿结构的月壤筒转动机构。由真空度要求和可耐粉尘的特性要求,选取了三级扩散泵组。实验表明,在不放置模拟月壤的情况下,本环境模拟装置中的真空度可达10-1 Pa,在放置模拟月壤的情况下,真空度可达7 Pa,能够满足模拟月面钻进过程热特性试验的要求。此外,通过测量抽真空过程中真空度随时间的变化情况还得出了模拟月壤出气量曲线,对模拟月壤真空系统的实验应用具有重要价值。      

Crystallization of calcium phosphate in microgravity.

Dilute solutions of CaCl2 and KH2PO4 + K2HPO4 were diffusing from either side into a mixing chamber with KCl solution. The microgravity experiment yielded aggregates of large crystals of OCP (Ca8H2(PO4)3,5H2O) and spherolites of smaller, but still visible crystals of HAP (Ca5OH(PO4)3), the stable final phase. Ground-based experiments yielded submicroscopic HAP crystals. Results of calculations of diffusion and crystal growth on the basis of previous knowledge agree well with observations.     

W33B的羟基脉泽辐射

使用两个跃迁频率,观测W33B的OH分子左右圆偏振的脉泽辐射.从左右圆偏振谱的Zeeman速度分裂,导得脉泽活动区的磁场大约为5mG.采用均匀抽运,完全饱和辐射的球模型,估计脉泽活动区的原恒星物质的氢分子数密度为3×107cm-3.      

Mutagenic effects of heavy ions in bacteria.

Various mutagenic effects by heavy ions were studied in bacteria, irradiated at accelerators in Dubna, Prague, Berkeley or Darmstadt. Endpoints investigated are histidine reversion (B. subtilis, S. typhimurium), azide resistance (B. subtilis), mutation in the lactose operon (E. coli), SOS chromotest (E. coli) and lambda-prophage induction (E. coli). It was found that the cross sections of the different endpoints show a similar dependence on energy. For light ions (Z < or = 4) the cross section decreases with increasing energy. For ions of Z = 10, it is nearly independent of energy. For heavier ions (Z > or = 26) it increases with energy up to a maximum or saturation. The increment becomes steeper with increasing Z. This dependence on energy suggests a "mutagenic belt" inside the track that is restricted to an area where the density of departed energy is low enough not to kill the cell, but high enough to induce mutations.     

Lithium-induced changes in gravicurvature, statocyte ultrastructure and calcium balance of pea roots.

Calcium signaling has been implicated in plant graviperception. In order to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in the process, I used lithium ions (LiCl), which suppress inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) cycling and signaling by inhibiting inositol-1-phosphatase. After 4 h of gravistimulation, no curvature was observed in 81% of the roots of 5-day Pisum sativum seedlings pretreated with 5 mM LiCl. Structural features of statocyte ultrastructure in these roots were the following: loss of a cellular polarity, appearance of amyloplast clusters, condensed mitochondria, local dilations in a perinuclear space, increases in a relative volume of vacuoles. The intensity of a cytochemical reaction (pyroantimonate staining which detected Ca2+ ions) was moderate: the Ca2+ pyroantimonate deposits were observed in all organelles. There were few granules of this precipitate in a hyaloplasm of the statocytes. Mitochondria and vacuoles were found to contain more granules of the precipitate compared with the controls. Additionally, Ca(2+)-ATPase activity in the statocytes of pea roots pretreated with LiCl was approximately the same as in control roots. Data obtained by using inhibitor of inositol signaling suggest that the observed effects of LiCl on root gravicurvature and ultrastructure of root statocytes were due to effects on Ca2+ homeostasis, particularly on IP3-mediated release of intracellular Ca2+ which can be inhibited by inositol depletion. The work demonstrates the key role played by second messengers (Ca2+ and IP3) in a gravity perception and response.     

Influence of high concentrations of mineral salts on production process and NaCl accumulation by Salicornia europaea plants as a constituent of the LSS phototroph link.

Use of halophytes (salt-tolerant vegetation), in a particular vegetable Salicornia europaea plants which are capable of utilizing NaCl in rather high concentrations, is one of possible means of NaCl incorporation into mass exchange of bioregenerative life support systems. In preliminary experiments it was shown that S. europaea plants, basically, could grow on urine pretreated with physicochemical processing and urease-enzyme decomposing of urea with the subsequent ammonia distillation. But at the same time inhibition of the growth process of the plants was observed. The purpose of the given work was to find out the influence of excessive quantities of some mineral elements contained in products of physicochemical processing of urine on the production process and NaCl accumulation by S. europaea plants. As the content of mineral salts in the human liquid wastes (urine) changed within certain limits, two variants of experimental solutions were examined. In the first variant, the concentration of mineral salts was equivalent to the minimum salt content in the urine and was: K - 1.5 g/l, P - 0.5 g/l, S - 0.5 g/l, Mg - 0.07 g/l, Ca - 0.2 g/l. In the second experimental variant, the content of mineral salts corresponded to the maximum salt content in urine and was the following: K - 3.0 g/l, P - 0.7 g/l, S - 1.2 g/l, Mg - 0.2 g/l, Ca - 0.97 g/l. As the control, the Tokarev nutrient solution containing nitrogen in the form of a urea, and the Knop nutrient solution with nitrogen in the nitrate form were used. N quantity in all four variants made up 177 mg/l. Air temperature was 24 degrees C, illumination was continuous. Light intensity was 690 micromoles/m2s of photosynthetically active radiation. NaCl concentration in solutions was 1%. Our researches showed that the dry aboveground biomass of an average plant of the first variant practically did not differ from the control and totaled 11 g. In the second variant, S. europaea productivity decreased and the dry aboveground biomass of an average plant totaled 8 g. The increase of K quantity in the experimental solutions resulted in an elevated content of the element in the plants. The increase of K uptake in the second experimental variant was accompanied by a 30-50% decrease of Na content in comparison with the other variants. Comparative Na content in the other variants was practically identical. N, Mg and P content in the control and experimental variants was also practically identical. The increase of S quantity in the second experimental variant also increased S uptake by the plants. But Ca quantity, accumulated in aboveground plants biomass in the experimental variants was lower than in the control. NaCl uptake by plants, depending on the concentration of mineral salts in the experimental solutions, ranged from 8 g (maximum salt content) up to 15 g (minimum salt content) on a plant growth area that totaled 0.032 m2. Thus, high concentrations of mineral salts simulating the content of mineral salts contained in urine did not result in a significant decrease of S. europaea productivity. The present work also considers the influence of higher light intensity concentrations on productivity and NaCl accumulation by S. europaea plants grown on experimental solutions with high salt content.     

Thermally evolved gas analysis (TEGA) of hyperarid soils doped with microorganisms from the Atacama Desert in southern Peru: Implications for the Phoenix mission

TEGA, one of several instruments on board of the Phoenix Lander, performed differential scanning calorimetry and evolved gas analysis of soil samples and ice, collected from the surface and subsurface at a northern landing site on Mars. TEGA is a combination of a high temperature furnace and a mass spectrometer (MS) that was used to analyze samples delivered to the instrument via a robotic arm. The samples were heated at a programmed ramp rate up to 1000 °C. The power required for heating can be carefully and continuously monitored (scanning calorimetry). The evolved gases generated during the process can be analyzed with the evolved gas analyzer (a magnetic sector mass spectrometer) in order to determine the composition of gases released as a function of temperature. Our laboratory has developed a sample characterization method using a pyrolyzer integrated to a quadrupole mass spectrometer to support the interpretations of TEGA data. Here we examine the evolved gas properties of six types of hyperarid soils from the Pampas de La Joya in southern Peru (a possible analog to Mars), to which we have added with microorganisms (Salmonella typhimurium, Micrococcus luteus, and Candida albicans) in order to investigate the effect of the soil matrix on the TEGA response. Between 20 and 40 mg of soil, with or without ∼5 mg of lyophilized microorganism biomass (dry weight), were placed in the pyrolyzer and heated from room temperature to 1200 °C in 1 h at a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The volatiles released were transferred to a MS using helium as a carrier gas. The quadrupole MS was ran in scan mode from 10 to 200 m/z. In addition, ∼20 mg of each microorganism without a soil matrix were analyzed. As expected, there were significant differences in the gases released from microorganism samples with or without a soil matrix, under similar heating conditions. Furthermore, samples from the most arid environments had significant differences compared with less arid soils. Organic carbon released in the form of CO₂ (ion 44 m/z) from microorganisms evolved at temperatures of ∼326.0 ± 19.5 °C, showing characteristic patterns for each one. Others ions such as 41, 78 and 91 m/z were also found. Interestingly, during the thermal process, the release of CO₂ increased and ions previously found disappeared, demonstrating a high-oxidant activity in the soil matrix when it was subjected to high temperature. Finally, samples of soil show CO₂ evolved up to 650 °C consistent with thermal decomposition of carbonates. These results indicate that organics mixed with these hyperarid soils are oxidized to CO₂. Our results suggest the existence of at least two types of oxidants in these soils, a thermolabile oxidant which is highly oxidative and other thermostable oxidant which has a minor oxidative activity and that survives the heat-treatment. Furthermore, we find that the interaction of biomass added to soil samples gives a different set of breakdown gases than organics resident in the soil. The nature of oxidant(s) present in the soils from Pampas de La Joya is still unknown.