H型球粒陨石TL灵敏度与冲击相和钾含量的研究

测定了坠落在我国武安、枣阳、信阳等地的10个H型球粒陨石的热释光(TL)灵敏度、自然热释光峰温和峰半高宽温度,同时对它们的K含量进行了测定.将测得的H型球粒陨石的TL灵敏度与它们的钾含量和所属冲击相进行比较.结果表明,H型球粒陨石的TL灵敏度与其钾含量和冲击相之间存在着规律性的关系.      

亳县陨石中球粒的主量和微量元素的丰度特征及其启示

用仪器中子活化法分析了毫县(LL3-4)陨石中14个球粒的Al,Mg,Mn,Na,V,La,Sm,Au,Sc,Cr,Fe,Co,Ni,Eu,Ir等元素的含量。该陨石的球粒平均成分对Mg和Cl球粒陨石标准化值与其它不平衡普通球粒陨石一致。通过模糊聚类分析和因子分析讨论了元素间的相关关系。这些球粒的原始物质组分至少包括亲铁元素,难熔和中等难熔亲石元素以及中等挥发性元素等,这也与其它不平衡普通球粒陨石大体一致。因此,普通球粒陨石各化学群的差别主要是由基质造成的。      

安徽亳县球粒陨石的铅同位素研究

本文报道了安徽亳县LL4型球粒陨石的全岩、球粒、橄榄石、辉石和陨硫铁的铅同位素比值,以及上述部分样品的铀、钍、铅的含量.由陨石的铅-铅等时线求得的年龄为45.3±0.2亿年,这是安徽陨石母体的形成年龄.而南安徽陨石的内部等时线求得的年龄为44.4±0.2亿年,此年龄暗示着安徽陨石母体在形成后的大约1亿年以前产生过局部或全部的熔融.从安徽陨石的铀-铅一致曲线图解中得到的上交点年龄为45.4±0.2亿年,此与陨石母体形成的铅-铅年龄一致.而下交点的年龄为4亿年,这可能意味着在较近期内安徽陨石又经历了一次热扰动(如热冲击).全岩、球粒和陨硫铁都呈现出过剩的放射性成因铅,这与陨石经受过热事件有关.      

我国九个球粒陨石化学组成的研究

在球粒陨石化学组成的研究中,经过试验我们建立了测定各化学元素的分析流程,测定了九个球粒陨石样品中各元素的含量,根据测定结果论证了它们各自所属的化学群、氧化还原趋势以及某些共同特征。     

清镇顽火辉石球粒陨石（EH3）的反射光谱特征

本文测定了清镇高铁群3型非平衡顽火辉石球粒陨石(EH3)的可见和近红外反射光谱,发现其反射光谱既不同于显示Ni、Fe金属光谱特征的EH4(Abee)顽火辉石球粒陨石,也不同于显示陨硫铁光谱特征的EH5型和EL6型平衡顽火辉石球粒陨石.清镇陨石独特的反射光谱特征可能是由于其铁纹石粒子表面存在光学厚度的吸积薄膜.吸积薄膜物质很可能是与铁纹石密切共生的陨硅磷镍铁矿,也可能是它与硫化矿物的混合物.在清镇陨石中,含吸积薄膜的铁纹石粒子可能具有很低的氧逸度,它们极易被大气氧化而失去原有的反射光谱特征.文中讨论了EH3、EH4、EH5和EL6型顽火辉石球粒陨石具有不同反射光谱特征的宇宙化学机理.     

宁强碳质球粒陨石基质及暗色边化学成份研究

采用仪器中子活化方法分析了宁强碳质球粒陨石基质及暗色边化学成份。结果表明,宁强陨石的基质比全岩富集轻稀土和亲硫元素,并大致具有与Allende陨石基质相似的稀土特征。暗色边与陨石基质的差别在于:前者富FeO而贫难熔元素。推测陨石基质与暗色边物质来源于太阳星云不同区域。与形成暗色边有关的突发性事件可能曾多次在太阳星云的不同区域中发生。     

亳县球粒陨石化学组成的研究

本文报道了安徽毫县球粒陨石的化学全分析结果及主要的化学参数,并对陨石中金属铁和陨硫铁的不同测定方法进行了研究及结果比较。根据球粒陨石的分类原则,毫县陨石属LL化学群。      

十块中国球粒陨石元素丰度特征研究

利用仪器中子活化分析方法,对宁强、随州、枣阳、南通、肇东、广南、东台、清镇、武安、导河等陨石进行了多元素分析测定.给出了近40种元素含量结果.并对各类球粒陨石微量元素丰度特征、REE丰度特征以及宁强陨石元素丰度特征进行了讨论.     

我国某些普通球粒陨石金属相的元素分布

本文用仪器中子活化分析法测定了我国不同化学群的吉林(H₅),信阳(H₅)、肇东(L₅)、广饶(L_6-5)和东台(LL₆)等普通球粒陨石金属相的Fe、Ni、Co、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ga、Ge、Ir、Au和As含量.每个陨石的金属相按粒径分为>20目.20—40目.<40目等.根据这些结果,讨论了元素的分布规律和分馏趋势以及决定金属相组成的作用过程.      

吉林陨石的熔融实验研究及其在地球化学中的应用

组成地球的初始物质很可能是IAB铁陨石及H群球粒陨石,非均匀吸积形成地球以后,除由岩浆分异作用使幔中金属-硫化物下沉到原始地核外,在还原条件下还有部分Fe是由橄榄石中的FeO还原为Fe0而提供的并加入于地核内.对于大的陨石母体,由于内部加热或其表面受冲击加热而发生熔融和岩浆分异,导致形成某些铁陨石及无球粒陨石或7型岩石类型的球粒岩石.实验产物中的Fe-Ni-S相可作为判别宇宙球粒的标志之一.      

Cometary constraints on the planet forming environment.

Molecular elemental and isotopic abundances of comets provide sensitive diagnostics for models of the primitive solar nebula. New measurements of the N2, NH and NH2 abundances in comets together with the in situ Giotto mass spectrometer and dust analyzer data provide new constraints for models of the comet forming environment in the solar nebula. An inventory of nitrogen-containing species in comet Halley indicates that NH3 and CN are the dominant N carriers observed in the coma gas. The elemental nitrogen abundance in the gas component of the coma is found to be depleted by a factor approximately 75 relative to the solar photosphere. Combined with the Giotto dust analyzer results for the coma dust component, we find for comet Halley Ngas + dust approximately 1/6 the solar value. The measurement of the CN carbon isotope ratio from the bulk coma gas and dust in comet Halley indicates a significantly lower value, 12C/13C = 65 +/- 9 than the solar system value of 89 +/- 2. Because the dominant CN carrier species in comets remains unidentified, it is not yet possible to attribute the low isotope ratio predominantly to the bulk gas or dust components. The large chemical and isotopic inhomogeneities discovered in the Halley dust particles on 1 mu scales are indicative of preserved circumstellar grains which survived processing in the interstellar clouds, and may be related to the presolar silicon carbide, diamond and graphite grains recently discovered in carbonaceous chondrites. Less than 0.1% of the bulk mass in the primitive meteorites studied consists of these cosmically important grains. A larger mass fraction (approximately 5%) of chemically heterogeneous organic grains is found in the nucleus of comet Halley. The isotopic anomalies discovered in the PUMA 1 Giotto data in comet Halley are probably also attributable to preserved circumstellar grains. Thus the extent of grain processing in the interstellar environment is much less than predicted by interstellar grain models, and a significant fraction of comet nuclei (approximately 5%) may be in the form of preserved circumstellar matter. Comet nuclei probably formed in much more benign environments than primitive meteorites.     

Observational astrochemistry: recent results.

More than 80 molecular species have now been observed by astronomers in the dense interstellar clouds where stars and planets form or in the envelopes expelled by evolved stars. Elemental constituents of these compounds include all of the "biogenic" elements, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and (most recently) phosphorus. In addition, silicon is found in several molecules, and a series of metal halides have recently been detected in the outflowing envelope of a nearby carbon star. Additions to the list of known interstellar molecules since the last COSPAR meeting are discussed individually. Recent measurements of the hydrogen isotopic fractionation for the cyclic molecule C3H2 are described; values up to 10,000 times the cosmic deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio are found. Knowledge of the chemical reservoirs for the major volatile elements and a comparison between observed molecular abundances and theoretical models are both discussed.     

Amino acids in meteorites.

Carbonaceous chondrites carry a record of chemical evolution that is unparalleled among presently accessible natural materials. Within the complex suite of organic compounds that characterize these meteorites, amino acids occur at a total concentration that may reach 0.6 micromole g-1 meteorite (approximately 60 ppm). Both free amino acids and acid-labile amino acid derivatives have been found in hot-water extracts of a CI1 and seven CM2 chondrites. Although the amino acid composition of all CM2 chondrites is not the same, differences may be largely explicable on the basis of spontaneous and biologically-caused decomposition occurring during their terrestrial residence. The amino acids of the Murchison meteorite (CM2) have been extensively analyzed and 52 amino acids have been positively identified. Thirty three of these amino acids are unknown in natural materials other than carbonaceous chondrites. Thus the Murchison meteorite has recently been the major source of new naturally-occurring amino acids. The Murchison amino acids comprise a mixture of C2 through C8 cyclic and acyclic monoamino alkanoic and alkandioic acids of nearly complete structural diversity. Within the acyclic monoamino alkanoic acid series, primary alpha-amino alpha-branched amino acids are predominant. The concentrations of individual amino acids decline exponentially with increasing carbon number within homologous series. Amino acid enantiomers are found in approximately equal amounts. Eight of the terrestrial protein amino acids have been found.     

Fluorescent organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites.

Fluorescent organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites was investigated using a microscope equipped with a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Fluorescent particles were observed in powdered CM2 carbonaceous chondrites (Y-74662, Y-7791198, and Murchison) without carbon enrichment by acid treatments. Although it was difficult to find fluorescent particles in powdered sample of C3 chondrites (ALH-77307, Y-791717, and Allende) without acid treatments, many fluorescent particles were observed after carbon enrichment by acid treatments. Fluorescence of coronene and shock-altered graphite were observed using the same microscope and the same conditions as those for carbonaceous chondrites.     

铜互连扩散阻挡层工艺优化

针对金属线间击穿电压小、可靠性差的问题，对铜扩散阻挡层（包括钽阻挡层厚度和氮化硅阻挡层薄膜质量）进行研究优化。使用自对准双重图形（SADP）方法能够使金属互连线的特征尺寸缩小，使得互连线扩散阻挡层的厚度期望降低。通过制备不同厚度的钽阻挡层对金属互连体系电阻和击穿电压做详细对比分析，发现硬质的钽金属对化学机械研磨（CMP）产生影响，导致互连体系电阻和击穿电压随着钽阻挡层厚度减小而增加，过薄的阻挡层会导致阻挡性能降低、整体晶圆均一性变差；铜线界面上存在的氧元素极大地降低了氮化硅的黏附性，影响阻挡层性能。在氨气预处理阶段通入不同流量的氨气，在预沉积阶段改变预沉积时间，增加过渡阶段，通过实验分析氮化硅的黏附性，结果证明:氨气流量的增加、预沉积时间的减少、过渡阶段的增加能提高氮化硅的黏附性，改善了薄膜阻挡能力。      

IUE observations of supernova remnants

Ultraviolet spectra of supernova remnants obtained with the IUE satellite provide unique information concerning the shock conditions and elemental abundances in the optically bright filaments. High temperature species such as N V provide diagnostics for shock velocities above 100 km s^?1, and strong lines of carbon and silicon in the IUE spectral range make it possible to study the destruction of refractory grains in shocked interstellar gas. Observations of a non-radiative shock at the edge of the Cygnus Loop provide constraints on the physics of the shock front itself. Most of the very young remnants whose optical spectra show anomalous elemental abundances are too highly reddened for IUE observations, but extensive observations of the Crab Nebula and a spectrum of the supernova remnant in NGC 4449 yield carbon to oxygen ratios from which the mass of the progenitor may be estimated.