卫星姿态大角度机动的轨迹规划和模型预测与反演控制

空间科学观测、态势感知、对地遥感、操控服务等应用对卫星提出了高精度、高稳定度、平稳柔顺大角度姿态机动的需求。采用欧拉角形式,对时变、非线性卫星姿态动力学系统进行了分析与建模,将每一个测控周期视为一个姿态机动过程。基于动力学系统受控运动的规律,在每一个姿态跟踪机动过程中,预测姿态偏差,通过卫星姿态演化的反演得到控制指令。以三角函数为基础,设计了一种卫星姿态大角度机动的运动轨迹规划方法。本文所述的轨迹规划及控制方法具有轨迹跟踪精度高、稳定性好,跟踪和机动过程平稳柔顺的特点。数学仿真验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。 关键词：轨迹规划; 模型预测与反演控制; 卫星姿态; 大角度机动     

小型控制力矩陀螺扰动建模及性能指标分析

为实现遥感卫星的高精度指向能力,对遥感卫星星上常用执行机构控制力矩陀螺扰动及性能指标评定进行了研究。首先,充分考虑小型控制力矩陀螺的静动不平衡量以及框架轴的安装误差,根据动量定理和动量矩定理建立了完整的星载小型控制力矩陀螺的动力学模型,并对所建立模型的正确性进行了理论分析和仿真验证;其次,将含有扰动特性的小型控制力矩陀螺应用到星上,建立了整星动力学模型,并选用合适的框架伺服控制系统和转子伺服控制系统,完成整星的姿态稳定控制任务;最后,采用数值仿真的方式分析了陀螺转子静动不平衡因素以及框架角测量误差对星体姿态精度和稳定度带来的影响。结合任务要求,对小型控制力矩陀螺设计提出静动不平衡量等指标要求,以期使其满足星上光学有效载荷的成像要求。     

改善反作用轮低速性能的补偿观测器方法

基于Ｄａｈｌ摩擦模型,给出了用于卫星姿态三轴稳定控制的反作用轮低速动力学方程,就反作用轮转速过零对卫星姿态产生的扰动现象进行了分析,提出了一种利用非线性观测器估计摩擦力矩,并予以补偿的补偿观测器方法。仿真结果表明,该方法改善了反作用轮低速性能,提高了卫星姿态控制的指向精度和稳定度。     

挠性高稳定度卫星载荷扰动力矩补偿研究

有效载荷或星上运动部件相对卫星平台转动引入的扰动力矩严重影响卫星平台的姿态稳定度和指向精度.为满足卫星姿态高稳定度要求,采用正余弦细分驱动原理对帆板驱动机构(SADA)细分,并利用力矩补偿机构补偿有效载荷运动所引入的扰动力矩.此外,针对补偿机构自身存在的摩擦力矩设计补偿控制律,以改善其力矩输出性能.仿真算例表明设计方案有效.     

多体卫星高稳定度智能控制方案研究

卫星上大型挠性天线的加减速运动会对星体产生较大的扰动,影响了星体姿态的指向精度和稳定度.运用Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了变结构和神经网络控制器,并在星体前馈中引入扰动补偿力矩,从而保证星体姿态角速度在不确定性干扰下能以指数形式收敛到某一给定的有界范围内,仿真证明了姿态的稳定度满足给定的指标要求.      

轨道末期星载相机侧摆成像匹配分析与实验

通过分析卫星轨道末期星载TDI CCD相机成像面临的数据读出频率过大、像移失配严重等瓶颈问题, 提出了轨道末期卫星侧摆成像匹配方案. 依据轨道衰减高度, 设计侧摆成像匹配模型, 计算出轨道高度与匹配成像侧摆角度之间的变化关系, 对侧摆成像时的像移速度矢量、偏流角度、成像畸变等进行了定量的可行性分析, 并利用蒙特卡洛方法分析了满足侧摆成像的卫星姿态指向精度和稳定度. 利用基于小型三轴气浮台的小卫星姿态控制系统和TDI CCD相机成像系统进行仿真试验, 结果表明, 仿真图像的MTF函数和互相关相似性测度均在0.85以上, 侧摆成像匹配方案能较好地满足轨道末期成像需求.      

星载可展开天线研究

海洋二号卫星微波校正辐射计天线(HY-2 CRA)是高增益、低副瓣、高波束效率、低损耗的天线子系统. 其高主波束效率、低损耗等要求对天线展开精度、形面精度、测试等提出了极大挑战. 由于卫星发射整流罩结构限制, 天线采用可展开机构形式, 并用正交模耦合器实现频率复用. 天线频率分别达到18.7 GHz, 23.8 GHz 和37 GHz.为了减小天线形面变形, 保证天线波束指向, 天线反射面(包括反射面支架、馈源支架)采用碳纤维复合材料, 确保天线在宇宙空间变形尽可能小. 本文就HY-2 CRA的设计、加工、测试等进行了论述.      

高分七号卫星高精度控制技术与验证

高分七号卫星（GF-7）控制系统，一方面通过研制甚高精度星敏感器和高平稳度翼板驱动机构（SADA），提高部件性能指标；另一方面采用在轨参数标定、星地闭环补偿等控制技术，进一步提高系统性能。经飞行验证表明，控制系统实现了角秒级姿态测量精度，稳定度达到10-5(°)/s量级，与同类型测绘卫星控制系统比较，姿态测量精度和稳定度均达到中国领先、国际先进的水平，使中国遥感测绘卫星控制能力得到了大幅提升。最后展望了GF-7卫星控制分系统进一步提高控制精度的发展方向。     

磁定姿近地轨道卫星EKF与UKF算法比较

某近地轨道(LEO)卫星通过磁强计测量、飞轮控制和磁力矩器卸载,实现三轴姿态稳定.围绕该卫星姿态确定问题,对扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)算法进行综合分析对比,最后给出该卫星姿态确定实现方法.分析了地磁模型误差、磁强计测量误差及剩磁的影响,推导了四元数均值及协方差的计算方法.分别引入EKF和UKF进行姿态确定,并讨论了影响算法性能的因素.对两种方法的估计精度、收敛时间及计算需求等指标进行了对比.最后针对该卫星姿态确定要求和硬件条件,选用EKF算法实现姿态确定,满足对地指向精度优于1°,稳定度优于0.1(°)/s的设计指标.     

Stewart平台卫星动力学建模与姿态指向一体化控制

针对Stewart平台卫星大范围快速机动后的指向控制问题,提出了考虑翼板柔性的Stewart平台卫星动力学建模与姿态指向一体化控制方法。对考虑柔性翼板的Stewart平台卫星的动力学建模与主动控制进行了研究,采用力学基本原理和混合坐标法建立系统的刚柔耦合精确动力学模型,并提出一种同时考虑平台载荷指向与隔振的协同控制方案。数值仿真结果表明,所建立的动力学模型能够准确地描述系统的动力学行为,所提控制方案能够有效提高卫星平台的姿态指向精度。与未施加控制的情况相比,该方案能够将支撑杆的变形量减少到千分之一,从而保证了结构安全。此外,还分析了翼板柔性对Stewart平台卫星姿态控制的影响,结果表明翼板柔性对下平台姿态精度有较大影响,对上平台姿态精度影响较小。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

直尺反转组合法测量直线度的理论分析

对直尺反转组合法的测量原理进行了较为深入的理论分析，指出测量的准确性受测头误差、采样点定位误差、直尺尺面斜率、直尺再定位误差、直尺各点直线度误差的变化率等五个方面共同作用。其中，采样点定位误差和直尺安装斜率影响直线度测量准确度这一结论，将适用于其他的直尺直线度测量方法，因而具有普遍的指导意义。     

一种提高螺栓联接强度的新方法

根据山本晃教授对螺栓，螺母，螺纹牙受力及其变形研究的成果，导出了该理论条件下受拉螺栓在等载荷受力状态下，当螺栓螺纹采用标准尺寸，螺母螺纹的螺旋线形状，并依据实用性，从螺母螺纹加工方便考虑，提出了近似等负荷螺纹。