TIMED卫星探测的全球大气温度分布及其与经验模式的比较

利用TIMED卫星遥感探测的全球温度分布与NRLMSISE-00大气经验模式进行了对比研究.研究表明,在中间层下部以下的高度范围内,经验模式与卫星探测的大气温度分布有很好的一致性.但是比较发现,在中层顶区域,经验模式的计算结果与实测结果有较大的差异.卫星探测表明,在春分季节的低纬地区中层顶区存在稳定的逆温层,但是经验模式不能给出低纬地区春分季节中间层逆温层的分布特征.卫星观测表明在全球范围内中层顶有两个非常不同的高度,一个处于100km附近,另一个处于85km附近,但是经验模式不能给出这一中层顶高度的分布特征.同时在低热层,经验模式计算的温度分布与卫星遥感的探测结果有很大的差异.      

中国廊坊中间层和低热层大气平均风观测模拟

利用中国廊坊站（39.4°N,116.7°E）流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日的水平风场观测数据,分析廊坊上空80~100km的中间层与低热层（Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere,MLT）大气平均纬向风和经向风的季节变化特征.结果表明平均纬向风和经向风都表现出明显的季节变化特征.平均纬向风在冬季MLT盛行西风,极大值位于中间层顶,随高度增加西风减弱;在夏季中间层为东风,低热层为强西风,风向转换高度约为82km.平均经向风在冬季以南风为主,在夏季盛行北风.纬向风和经向风在春秋两季主要表现为过渡阶段.流星雷达观测结果与WACCM4模式和HWM93模式模拟的气候变化特点基本一致,但WACCM4模式纬向风和经向风风速偏大,而HWM93模式纬向风和经向风风速偏小.      

北京地区大气温度及重力波活动的季节变化

利用瑞利激光雷达观测数据,分析了北京地区35~70km高度范围内大气温度和重力波活动的季节变化.发现北京地区30~70km高度范围内的大气温度有明显的年周期变化:平流层顶最高温度出现在6,7月份,大约为270K;中间层70km高度最低温度也出现在6,7月份,大约为200K.以2014年10月14日晚数据为例,分析重力波势能密度,发现50km以下重力波势能存在耗散,而在50km以上重力波近乎无耗散地向上传播.通过对比35~50km高度范围内的平均势能密度,对北京地区重力波活动强弱的季节变化进行了研究.研究结果表明,北京上空重力波活动强度具有明显的年周期变化,冬季平均势能密度为18J·kg-1,夏季为8J·kg-1,且冬季重力波活动强度约为夏季的两倍.此外,还分析了春夏秋冬四个季节重力波势能密度随高度的变化.结果表明,不同季节和不同高度的重力波势能密度不同.      

TIMED/SABER与AURA/MLS临近空间探测温度数据比较

利用AURA/MLS数据（V4.2）和TIMED/SABER数据（V2.0）对20~92km高度的大气温度进行比较分析,计算AURA/MLS数据与TIMED/SABER数据的温度绝对偏差,并分析平均温度偏差在不同季节中随经度、纬度和高度的变化特征.结果表明:20~80km高度的平均温度偏差在±6K以内,相对偏差在3%以内;80~90km高度平均温度偏差减小至-10K以下,相对偏差在9%以内.中低纬度地区平均温度偏差廓线的变化趋势一致,从20km高度的-3K左右的负偏差逐渐增加,在45~50km高度的平流层顶处有较明显的3K左右的正偏差峰值.平均温度偏差随纬度变化明显,随经度变化很小.研究结果可为卫星数据的应用提供参考依据.      

武汉上空对流层与平流层大气密度和温度探测的初步结果

利用武汉大学Rayleieh/钠荧光散射激光雷达和无线电探空仪进行联合探测的数据,反演出武汉地区上空(30.5°N,114.4°W)0—65km处的密度和温度分布曲线,并简单阐述了激光雷达的工作原理。将测量结果和MSISE-90参考大气模式比较,二者结果基本符合,温度廓线在中层顶附近和模式的差别约为3K。同时利用激光雷达探测到了中层大气中的重力波活动。     

瑞利激光雷达反演中层大气温度算法

瑞利激光雷达是探测中层大气温度的重要设备,具有高时空分辨率且不存在探测盲区的优点.为充分利用激光雷达探测到的原始数据,改进了传统的Chanin-Haunchecorne方法,采用由均匀搜索生成温度初值的方式反演大气温度.位于北京延庆（40.3°N,116.2°E）的瑞利激光雷达具有589nm和532nm两个通道,将589nm通道用于计算,532nm通道作为参考.在150~250K区间等间隔选取多个温度初值,利用589nm通道反演60~70km高度范围内的大气温度廓线和大气密度廓线,利用参考密度廓线选取准确的温度初值,反演得到准确的大气温度廓线.将589nm通道和532nm通道反演的温度廓线相比较,发现二者具有较高的一致性.改进后的方法有效利用了信噪比较差的光信号,使589nm通道的温度探测上限从60km提高到70km.      

2009年1月5日廊坊OH气辉观测图像的谱分析

2009年1月5日在中国河北省廊坊市韩村镇(39.4°N,116.6°E)进行了中国首次中间层顶大气重力波成像观测实验,记录了近4 h的OH气辉辐射数据,给出了依据该数据计算所得的该时间段内廊坊韩村附近水平方向约185 km范围内的中间层顶OH气辉扰动的谱分析结果.所得到的传播方向确定的二维功率谱和角度谱揭示了该时间段内重力波活动的波长和传播方向分布特点,表明波长下限较短,西向传播分量明显大于东向分量.     

中国山西地区法布里-珀罗干涉仪测风能力及数据质量检验

介绍了中国气象局山西岢岚大气观测站(39°N, 112°E) 法 布里-珀罗干涉仪(FPI) 的基本 构造、测风能力、程序处理流程、数据质量控制方法以及检验情况. 岢 岚观测站FPI可以观测892.0 (OH)nm, 557.7 (OI)nm和630.0 (OI)nm 波 长处气辉谱线的多普勒移动, 分别计算对应87km, 97km和250km高度处 的大气风速和大气温度, 可给出中间层顶区域及热层风的大气潮汐和扰动 情况. 采用水平风模型(HWM)输出结果进行交叉检验, 对FPI测风数据质量进行验证. 结果显示, 岢岚大气观测站FPI仪器的测风数据 在长期趋势上与HWM模式的输出数据一致, 风速变化幅度有季节性差异, 数据质 量控制方法有效, 测风误差在87km高度处为5.7m·s-1, 97km处 为1.3m·s-1, 250km处为4.1m·s-1, 测风数据 通过了可靠性检验.      

利用HRDI/UARS资料分析东亚区域中层大气纬向风气候特征

利用美国高层大气研究卫星(UARS)搭载的高分辨率多普勒测风仪(HRDI)获得的中层大气风场观测资料,对东亚区域中层大气纬向风的垂直分布与变化特征进行了分析研究.多年平均结果显示东亚区域中层大气纬向风具有显著的区域特征,与当前普遍使用的参考大气CIRA-86相比存在显著的不同.在冬季,东亚区域中间层西风急流中心位于25°-35°N之间的75 km高度,与CIRA-86相比,该中心纬度偏南5°,高度偏高10 km;在秋季,东亚区域低热层高度存在一个显著的从赤道到高纬度的东风带,而CIRA-86不存在.分析结果还表明,除了夏季中纬度地区,在东亚区域上空中高层大气各高度上均存在相当显著的区域尺度扰动结构.在热带,低热层高度纬向风无论冬夏,沿纬圈方向都表现出相当显著的不均匀性,夏季这种不均匀性进一步向下扩展到55 km高度.与上述热带扰动特征相比,中纬度地区夏季的纬向风在各个高度沿纬圈相当均匀,但是在冬季,中间层和低热层高度都存在沿纬圈方向显著的纬向风扰动结构.      

平流层爆发性增温期间大气变化特性的COSMIC掩星观测

利用高精度和高垂直分辨率的COSMIC掩星观测资料, 详细深入分析了2007年冬---2008年春平流层爆发性增温(SSW)期间10~60 km高度范围内大气的变化特性, 尤其是上平流层和低中间层大气的变化特性. 结果表明, 在SSW过程中, 温度场、风场和剩余环流都发生了明显的变化. 根据温度在主增温前和主增温盛期的变化特性, 在水平方向, 大约以55oN为界, 在垂直方向, 大约以42 km为界, 可以将温度场在纬度-高度的分布分为4个区域: 高纬下层增温区, 增温幅度约高达25 K; 高纬上层降温区, 降温幅度约达30\,K; 中纬下层降温区, 降温幅度约为几K; 中纬上层增温区, 增温也约为几K. SSW期间上下层大气纬向风场的变化规律基本相同. 在纬度方向以45oN为界, 45oN以北地区的西风减弱东风增强, 风场变化高达50 m/s; 45oN以南地区西风增强东风减弱, 变化幅度比较小, 约10 m/s. 在2008年1月下旬到2月底, 大气温度和纬向风有明显的振荡现象, 周期约为12天. 剩余环流的环流圈在SSW期间会发生反转, 由此也表明, SSW期间大气中物质的输运方向也会发生改变.      

Temperature and altitude of the polar mesopause in summer

A review and summary of 60 in situ experiments is provided which determined the temperature and altitude of the mesopause north of 58°N latitude during the summer months of May through August. These experiments employed 4 experimental techniques; acoustic grenades, rigid and inflatable falling spheres, and Pitot-static tubes. Excellent agreement is found among the results obtained from different techniques. During June and July the average mesopause temperature drops below 130 K, the average mesopause altitude is 88.5 km. The climatological tables of CIRA 1986 indicate, however, a mean mesopause temperature of approximately 140 K at 91 km for corresponding geophysical conditions.     

A mesospheric ozone profile at sunset

An altitude profile of the ozone concentration from 55 to 95 km was measured at sunset in January by simultaneous measurements of the 1.27 μm radiation and the solar UV radiation using rocket-borne radiometers at Uchinoura, Japan (31°N). The ozone profiles deduced by two different methods agree with each other at approximately 70 km. The profile was consistent with our previous results obtained at the same station in September, and with the sunset profile obtained at Wallops Island (38°N) during the WMO/FAA/NASA international ozone rocketsonde intercomparison. Our data show no seasonal variation of ozone in the 55 – 95 km region at Uchinoura.     

Properties of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

The variability and systematic variations of the properties of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere are probably the least well known aspects of the terrestrial atmosphere. Satellite measurements of this region are very limited and rocket and remote sounding techniques do not provide comprehensive coverage. Progress is being made in theoretical studies of this region, primarily with regard to tidal effects, and some progress is being made in analyzing the relatively sparse experimental data that are available. Turbulence dynamics of the region has been studied by analyzing structure measurements at Kwajalein, wind data from Natal and systematic variations of the turbopause altitude determined from measurements of the diffusive separation of argon. One question that is being raised at this time, and it is appropriate at a time near solar maximum, is the extent of solar activity control of the properties of this region of the atmosphere. The occurrence rates and magnitudes of the turbulent diffusivity in the 70 to 90 km altitude region appear to correlate with solar activity with a time lag, as do also the incidence of aurora and the atomic oxygen green line intensity. Solar cycle dependence has been identified in mean zonal wind speeds in the 65 to 110 km altitude region above Saskatoon and in lower thermosphere temperatures measured at Heiss Island and at St. Santin. Millstone Hill data show that the mean meridional wind changes during a solar cycle. Solar cycle variations have also been detected in the stratosphere and troposphere.     

Neutral upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars

Numerous measurements of the neutral upper atmosphere above 100 km have been made from spacecraft over Venus and over Mars. The Venus exospheric temperatures are unexpectedly low (less than 300°K near noon and less than 130°K near midnight). These very low temperatures may be partially caused by collisional excitation of CO₂ vibrational states by atomic oxygen and partially by eddy cooling. The Venus atmosphere is unexpectedly insensitive to solar EUV variability. On the other hand, the Martian dayside exospheric temperature varies from 150°K to 400°K over the 11-year solar cycle, where CO₂ 15-μm cooling may be less effective because of lower atomic oxygen mixing ratios. On Venus, temperature increases with altitude on the dayside (thermosphere), but decreases with altitude from 100 to 150 km on the nightside (cryosphere). However, dayside Martian temperatures near solar minimum for maximum planet-sun distance and low solar activity are essentially isothermal from 40 km to 200 km. During high solar activity, the thermospheric temperatures of Mars sharply increase. The Venus neutral upper atmosphere contains CO₂, O, CO, C, N₂, N, He, H, D and hot nonthermal H, O, C, and N, while the dayside Mars neutral upper atmosphere contains CO₂, O, O₂, CO, C, N₂, He, H, and Ar. There is evidence on Venus for inhibited day-to-night transport as well as superrotation of the upper atmosphere. Both atmospheres have substantial wave activity. Various theoretical models used to interpret the planetary atmospheric data are discussed.     

Recent advances in upper atmospheric structure

A possible quantitative explanation of the semi-annual variation in thermospheric density has been obtained in terms of a semi-annual variation in the computed globally averaged vertical energy carried by propagating tides from the lower and middle atmosphere into the thermosphere. The effect is primarily due to seasonal changes in the distribution of water vapor and in the solar declination angle and Sun-Earth distance. An MSIS-83 empirical model of the thermosphere, representing a revision of the earlier MSIS models, has been prepared. The database used covers a wider range of solar activity than previous models and an improved magnetic storm representation is included. Atomic oxygen profiles in the 100 to 160 km altitude region of the auroral thermosphere have been recalculated from measured quenching of N₂(A³∑_u⁺) using the latest laboratory rates and the results are in good agreement with the mean CIRA 1972 profile. A new empirical model of thermospheric variations with geomagnetic activity has been developed incorporating variations with local magnetic time, latitude dependent terms which can vary with the magnitude of the geomagnetic disturbance, and an altitude dependent expression for the equatorial wave. A new index ML, derived from the AL index, has been developed that appears to have promise to represent the variations of thermospheric species with geomagnetic activity. Satellite measured values of solar UV flux, ground-based observations of CaK plages, sunspot numbers and 10.7 cm solar radio flux have been analyzed for temporal variations. Some differences have been identified and the significance to empirical and theoretical upper atmosphere models is discussed.     

The cold summer mesopause

One of the most characteristic features of the summer mesopause at high latitudes is the very low temperature. Earlier measurements have shown temperatures in the range down to 135 K around 86 km altitude, whereas the most recent $\text{in situ}$ measurements have revealed temperatures still much lower than that in a rather wide altitude region. The reasons for these low temperatures are to be found in the dynamics of the strato- and mesospheres. Upwinds and gravity wave activity over the summer hemisphere cause efficient cooling of the atmosphere.Also other effects are caused by the updrafts. The vertical transport velocity for important minor constituents is increased, which for instance causes the concentration of water vapor around the mesopause to be enhanced by large factors. This situation is of major importance for the possibility of forming noctilucent clouds (NLC).NLC are believed to be composed of small water ice particles, which because of the low temperatures can be formed on existing condensation nuclei. Two of the main questions regarding the formation of NLC concern the water vapor budget of the upper mesosphere and the origin of the condensation nuclei.This paper gives a general introduction to mesospheric physics and composition. Some results from recent satellite and rocket experiments are reviewed and the campaign layout and the performed experiments within the MAP project CAMP are described. The results from the different experiments are presented in four accompanying papers on CAMP results.     

太赫兹火星大气临边探测仿真研究

对火星大气进行连续高分辨率观测是研究火星大气物理和化学过程的重要手段.太赫兹临边探测技术通过测量火星大气中的风和光化学循环中的重要气体（CO，O₃，H₂O，H₂O₂等）提高对火星的认知.针对火星大气遥感的探测需求，分析了300～1000GHz频段的频谱特征.针对探测卫星对于载荷质量、功耗等参数的要求，提出一个560GHz频段的火星大气太赫兹临边探测仪设计方案，并利用辐射传输模型ARTS中的行星工具箱进行仿真.仿真结果显示:火星大气温度的反演精度优于4K，其中45km高度以下优于2K；H₂O丰度的反演精度在90km以下优于50%，30km以下优于2%；H₂O₂的反演精度在40km以下优于50%；O₃的反演精度在50km以下优于60%；大气风速度的反演精度在65km以上优于5m·s-1，最高可以达到2m·s-1.研究结果表明，利用太赫兹波段的吸收谱线可以很好地探测火星大气中各成分的丰度、变化趋势以及中高层大气的风，可为后续火星表面及大气探测提供参考.      

Ozone chemical equilibrium in the extended mesopause under the nighttime conditions

For retrieval of atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen via ozone observations in the extended mesopause region (～70–100?km) under nighttime conditions, an assumption on photochemical equilibrium of ozone is often used in research. In this work, an assumption on chemical equilibrium of ozone near mesopause region during nighttime is proofed. We examine 3D chemistry-transport model (CTM) annual calculations and determine the ratio between the correct (modeled) distributions of the O₃ density and its equilibrium values depending on the altitude, latitude, and season.The results show that the retrieval of atomic oxygen and atomic hydrogen distributions using an assumption on ozone chemical equilibrium may lead to large errors below ～81–87?km. We give simple and clear semi-empirical criterion for practical utilization of the lower boundary of the area with ozone’s chemical equilibrium near mesopause.     

Connection between winter mesopause region temperatures and diurnal LF reflection height variations measured at Collm

Scale height, H, estimates are calculated from the decrease/increase of ionospheric virtual reflection heights of low-frequency (LF) radio waves at oblique incidence in suitably defined morning intervals around sunrise during winter months. The day-to-day variations of H qualitatively agree with daily mean temperature variations around 90 km from meteor radar measurements. Since mesospheric long-period temperature variations are generally accepted to be the signature of atmospheric planetary waves, this shows that LF reflection height measurements can be used for monitoring the dynamics of the upper middle atmosphere. The long-term variations of monthly mean H estimates have also been analysed. There is no significant trend, which is in agreement with other measurements of mesopause region temperature trends.