中国微重力科学研究回顾与展望

微重力科学主要研究微重力环境中物质运动的规律，以及不同重力环境中重力对物质运动的影响.中国微重力科学研究起步于20世纪60年代，兴起于80年代中后期，经过多年发展，目前已初具规模，在一些重要方向具有明显特色和一定优势.本文回顾了中国微重力科学研究的早期历程，评述了近年来中国微重力科学研究进展，特别是利用实践十号科学实验卫星、天宫二号空间实验室等空间平台开展的微重力科学与技术应用研究取得的最新成果，并对中国载人空间站时代微重力科学发展的前景予以瞻望，推动微重力科学与应用研究在中国的快速、可持续发展.      

SPACE CHEMISTRY RESEARCHES IN CHINA DURING 2000-2001

Over the past two years, significant progress in space chemistry has been made in China. The research fields include meteorites, pre-solar materials, science researches of the moon, effects of the space debris on space environment, and heterogeneity of the Earth. Chinese Lunar Exploration Project Some studies are also dedicated to one important space mission "Chinese Lunar Exploration Project". In this paper, the main achievements are outlined, and some concepts and hypotheses are briefly revised.     

Science Researches of Chinese Manned Space Flight

With the complete success of the 2nd stage of Chinese Manned Space Program (CMSP), several science researches have been performed on Tiangong-1 experimental spacelab, which was docked with three Shenzhou spaceships one after another. The China's real spacelab, Tiangong-2 will be launched in 2015, docked with a Shenzhou spaceship soon. After six months, it will be docked with the first Chinese cargo ship (Tianzhou-1). More space science researches, involving with space biology, fluid physics, fundamental physics, materials science, Earth science, astronomy and space environmental science, will be operated on Tiangong-2 spacelab, and crewed and cargo spaceships. Furthermore, the considerable large-scale space utilization of Shina's Space Station is planned. The research fields include yet not limited to space medicine and physiology, space life science and biotechnology, fluid physics and combustion in microgravity, space material science, and fundamental physics in microgravity, space astronomy, Earth science, space physics and space environment utilization, technology demonstration.      

Materials Experiment on Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory

During the China's Tiangong-2 (TG-2) flight mission, the experiments of 18 kinds of material samples were conducted in space by using a Multiple Materials Processing Furnace (MMPF) mounted in the orbital module of the TG-2 space laboratory. After the experiments of 12 kinds of samples of the first and second batches were completed successfully, astronauts packed and brought them back to the ground by ShenzhouⅡ spacecraft. By studying processing and formation on semiconductor and optoelectronics materials, metal alloys and metastable materials, functional single-crystal, micro-and nano-composite materials encapsulated in sample ampoules both in space and on Earth, we expect to explore some physical and chemical processes and mechanism of the materials formation that are normally obscured and therefore are difficult to study quantitatively on the ground due to the gravity-induced convection, to obtain the processing and synthesis technology for preparing high quality materials, and lead to the improvement and development of materials processing techniques on Earth, and also develop the experiment device and comprehensive ability for materials experiment in microgravity environment. This report briefly introduces the main points of each research work and preliminary comparative analysis results of 12 samples carried out by scientists undertaking research task.      

The Space Sciences and Application Projects in Space Laboratory

Space sciences and application projects arranged in Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Tianzhou-1 cargo ship have been described in detail, covering research areas of the fundamental physics, space astronomy, microgravity fluid physics and materials science, space life science, and earth science. These experiments and researches will hopefully produce great scientific results and social benefits in several fields, including:universe evolution, quantum communication, material development, global climate change and earth environment, etc.      

碳纳米材料辐射效应研究现状

碳纳米管（CNTs）和石墨烯是碳纳米材料中新兴的两种类型，因其优异的电学、热学、机械等性能，是目前航天工程中具有很大应用前景的材料.在复杂的空间环境中，辐射效应对材料的结构和性能具有重要影响，是决定其稳定性和适应性的关键因素之一.本文对碳纳米管和石墨烯材料的电子、离子等辐射效应研究现状进行了讨论分析，对辐射过程中缺陷的产生和类型、辐射在材料制备以及功能化改性修饰方面的应用、辐射对器件性能的影响以及空间适应性进行了分析，简述了以碳纳米材料为基础的复合材料的辐射效应以及辐射缺陷对材料性能影响的作用机制，提出了目前碳纳米管和石墨烯辐射效应研究中仍需要开展的工作，并对其在空间科学中的应用进行了展望.      

ADVANCES IN MATERIAL RESEARCHES UNDER MICROGRAVITY 2000-2002

The Engineering of Chinese Spacecraft provides Chinese scientists of materials great opportunity in the experiments for preparing materials under microgravity. On board of Spacecraft-Shenzhou No.3 (SZ-3), alloys and semiconductors, such as Al Mg2Si, Nd60Al10Fe20Co10, Pd40Ni10Cu30P20, Al-Al3Ni, GaMnSb, Bi12SiO20:Ce, and Cd0.96Zn0.04Te:Ge, were prepared. SZ-3 successfully returned to the earth on April 1, 2002. Profiting from SZ-3, great progress has been made in the researches on ma terials under microgravity in space. The quartz ampoules containing the materials grown on board of SZ-3 were shown in CFig. 1 (see the Appendix). The properties of the materials prepared on board of SZ-3 are still under investigation.     

Space Materials Science in China: II. Ground-based Researches and Academic Activities

Activities of space materials science research in China have been continuously supported by two main national programs. One is the China Space Station (CSS) program since 1992, and the other is the Strategic Priority Program (SPP) on Space Science since 2011. In CSS plan in 2019, eleven space materials science experimental projects were officially approved for execution during the construction of the space station. In the SPP Phase II launched in 2018, seven pre-research projects are deployed as the first batch in 2018, and one concept study project in 2019. These pre-research projects will be cultivated as candidates for future selection as space experiment projects on the recovery of scientific experimental satellites in the future. A new apparatus of electrostatic levitation system for ground-based research of space materials science and rapid solidification research has been developed under the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. In order to promote domestic academic activities and to enhance the advancement of space materials science in China, the Space Materials Science and Technology Division belong to the Chinese Materials Research Society was established in 2019. We also organized scientists to write five review papers on space materials science as a special topic published in the journal Scientia Sinica to provide valuable scientific and technical references for Chinese researchers.      

空间站材料科学加工试验炉的选择

对国际空间站上各国准备选用的材料科学试验加工炉进行了介绍. 主要呈现以下特点: 高度集成化的材料制备、测试、分析和处理等综合实验能力; 更高的精度、稳定性以及更长的使用寿命; 模块化、标准化和组合式; 应用遥科学实验技术. 从1998 年开始, 为适应未来中国空间站试验的需求, 发展了几类遥科学的空间加工炉及在长时间无人条件下由机器人照料的任意次更换样品的遥操作原型炉. 提出在中国载人航天工程第三步, 即空间站阶段的前期关键技术预研中, 设计和研发功能专业化, 结构模块化和接口标准化的典型功能实验单元, 通过技术集成可以在短时间内高效可靠地完成空间实验设备的配置、集成化和空间应用.      

Space Life Science of China in 2015

With the human space exploration activities, space life science is an emerging interdisciplinary and it covers a wide range of research. Based on our country's manned space station and recoverable satellite science experimental platform, the development of space life science research is very important to acquire new knowledge or new innovation in technology, to give further services to the human space exploration activities, to improve the national economic and social development. Based on present situation, both theoretical and applied researches were continuously performed in 2015. Here, we review and summarize the researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.      

Space Life Science of China

With the human space exploration activities, space life science is an emerging interdiscipline, which covers a wide range of researches. Based on our country's manned space station and recoverable satellite science experimental platform, the development of space life science research is very important to acquire new knowledge or new technological innovation, to give further services to the human space exploration activities, to improve the national economic and social development. Both ground-based and flight applied studies were continuously performed in the previous 2 years. Here, we review and summarize the researches on space life sciences contributed by Chinese scientists.      

Kevlar BF—2及GD414材料充电性能研究

Kevlar作为最新型的航天结构材料,BF-2作为太阳电池盖片玻璃,GD414作为航天器材料粘接剂,都是空间技术必不可少的重要而基本的材料。因而它们在空间电环境条件中的表面电荷积累性质受到极大注意。该文就此三种材料在综合模拟空间环境条件下,进行了材料表面电导和环境诱发电导的实验研究,并给出了实验结果的分析。     

Space Life Science of China in 2013

In the past two years, space life science research in China is characterized by a wide area of basic researches for providing foundation for the future China Space Station. The effect of microgravity and radiation was further studied from physiology phenomena to the level of bio-molecule mechanisms. Chinese space life science is maturing in a new era of comprehensive development. Here, we review and summarize researches on space life sciences which were contributed by Chinese scientists.      

天宫二号碲化锌晶体生长

在天宫二号飞船综合材料实验炉六工位采用碲熔剂法生长了碲化锌晶体,生长时最高温度为800℃,以0.5mm·h-1的提拉速度向炉膛内部提拉生长晶体.飞行实验后,用相同实验参数在地面进行了对比实验.结果发现,空间样品尾部有一个非常大的橙色结晶区域（约10mm×6mm×2mm）,而地面生长样品中碲化锌晶体尺寸仅为约3mm×3mm×1mm,空间生长的碲化锌晶粒尺寸明显优于地面.空间微重力环境下,由于毛细作用,空间样品的塞子处有Te和ZnTe的外延膜生成.而地面生长的锭条在塞子处只有零星点状气相生产物.因此微重力条件有利于碲化锌晶体材料的生长.      

航天器表面材料电导的研究与测量

本文分析了航天材料电导能力对表面电荷积累的重要影响。描述了航天材料表面电导和体电导的测试方法。给出了一些样品的电导与真空的关系并作了讨论。     

The Japanese FMPT and related ground experiments—material experiments aspects

Japanese program of space experiment called FMPT (First Material Processing Test) has been reviewed from material experiments aspects. After looking at whole view of the FMPT by describing the kinds of equipments, the materials to be studied and the organizations to which PI belongs, several experiments are picked up and their objectives, the method of experiments, and expected results are reviewed. The impacts of FMPT on the Japanese scientists are finally discussed.     

A material experiment for small satellites to characterise the behaviour of carbon nanotubes in space – development and ground validation

Over the last years, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) drew interdisciplinary attention. Regarding space technologies a variety of potential applications were proposed and investigated. However, no complex data on the behaviour and degradation process of carbon nanotubes under space environment exist. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance of these new materials in space environment and to revaluate the application potential of CNTs in space technologies.Hence, CiREX (Carbon Nanotubes – Resistance Experiment) was developed as a part of a student project. It is a small and compact experiment, which is designed for CubeSat class space satellites. These are a class of nanosatellites with a standardized size and shape. The CiREX design, electrical measurements and the satellites interfaces will be discussed in detail. CiREX is the first in-situ space material experiment for CNTs.To evaluate the data obtained from CiREX, ground validation tests are mandatory. As part of an extensive test series the behaviour of CNTs under solar ultra violet light (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) was examined. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and MWNT/resin composite (ME) were exposed to different light sources. After the exposure, the defect density was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. There is a clear indication that UV and VUV light can increase the defect density of untreated CNTs and influence the electrical behaviour.     

Science Research and Utilization Planning of China's Space Station in Operation Period 2022-2032

The core module of China's Space Station (CSS) is scheduled to be launched around the end of 2020, and the experimental module I and II will be launched in the next two years. After on-orbit constructions, CSS will be transferred into an operation period over 10 years (2022-2032 and beyond) to continuously implement space science missions. At present, based on the project selection and research work in the ground development period of CSS, China is systematically making a utilization mission planning for the operation period, which focuses on the fields of aerospace medicine and human research, space life science and biotechnology, microgravity fluid physics, combustion science, materials science, fundamental physics, space astronomy and astrophysics, Earth science, space physics and space environment, space application technology, etc. In combination with the latest development trend of space science and technology, China will continue to update planning for science research and technology development, carry out project cultivation, payload R&D, and upgrade onboard and ground experiment supporting systems to achieve greater comprehensive benefits in science, technology, economy, and society.      

Travelling heater growth of GaSb under reduced gravity during the first spacelab-mission

Single crystals of binary III-V-semiconductors, e.g. GaAs or InP, are important basic materials for optoelectronic devices, e.g. LED's and lasers. Device production needs highly perfect substrate crystals with low defect densities and homogeneous dopant distributions. In our experiment we applied the Travelling-Heater-Method to grow the III-V compound GaSb. The aim of this research project was to improve the crystal quality by investigating convective transport phenomena and the origins of dopant inhomogeneities under earth and space conditions. Earth grown crystals show strong dopant variations mainly due to convective flow phenomena. The preliminary result of our SPACELAB 1 experiment reveals an increase of dopant homogeneity in the space grown crystal because of the absence of natural convection under reduced gravity.     

Somatic embryos of daylily in space

Poor growth and nuclear abnormalities observable in some space-grown plants have been hypothesized as due to a combination of factors such as degree of development, the specific way the plants are grown and the way they experience multiple stresses, some of which are space-specific. Data from a 132-day experiment on ‘Mir’ using embryogenic cell cultures of daylily (Hemerocallis) allow seemingly contradictory evidence from earlier Shuttle missions to be harmonized: a) the more developed an embryo the less likely it is to suffer catastrophic cell stress during growth, whereas the less developed it is, the greater its vulnerability; (b) the extent to which the stress becomes manifest is also dependent on the extent of pre-existing stresses imposed by suboptimal growing conditions; (c) an appropriate, albeit undesirable, ‘stress match’ with other non-equilibrium determinants, much like a ‘tug of war’, can result in genomic variations in space. It is not understood what is/are the feature(s) of the space environment that cause the various cell division perturbations but they have not yet been mimicked on earth. The stress symptoms were found only in space materials and, as predicted, they were most frequently encountered in smaller, less-developed materials grown under non-optimized conditions. It is concluded that, while any substantial deviation from ‘optimum’ can be a ‘stress’, spaceflight subjects vulnerable materials to cell division or DNA-repair stress(es) that appear distinctive, but remain elusive so far. Fastidiously-controlled growing environments must be devised to resolve the matter of direct versus indirect effects of space. On a practical level, it is predicted that adapting plant biotechnologies to space conditions will not be a casual matter.