卫星编队飞行的相对轨道自主确定研究

为了研究卫星编队飞行相对轨道的自主确定,基于相对轨道根数建立编队卫星间的相对运动方程,利用测量所得到的星间距离和方位信息作为观测量。不同于目前广泛采用的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,设计Unscented Kalman Filter(UKF)算法实现卫星编队飞行的相对轨道自主确定。仿真结果表明这种相对轨道自主确定方案能获得较高的定轨精度。     

Nonlinear filtering for sequential spacecraft attitude estimation with real data: Cubature Kalman Filter,Unscented Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filter

This article compares the attitude estimated by nonlinear estimator Cubature Kalman Filter with results obtained by the Extended Kalman Filter and Unscented Kalman Filter. Currently these estimators are the subject of great interest in attitude estimation problems, however, mostly the Extended Kalman Filter has been applied to real problems of this nature. In order to evaluate the behavior of the Extended Kalman Filter, Unscented Kalman Filter and Cubature Kalman Filter algorithms when submitted to realistic situations, this paper uses real data of sensors on-board the CBERS-2 remote sensing satellite (China Brazil Earth Resources Satellite). It is observed that, for the case studied in this article, the filters are very competitive and present advantages and disadvantages that should be dealt with according to the requirements of the problem.     

重力梯度力矩作用下近地卫星自旋运动规律分析

为研究近地卫星自旋运动规律，建立了近地卫星在受摄动影响的轨道上运行并受重力梯度力矩作用下的姿态运动模型，推导了自旋角速率满足一定条件下自旋运动的进动角、章动角、自旋角的解析解，对重力梯度作用下的自旋姿态运动规律进行了仿真分析，并用仿真计算结果验证了解析解的正确性。在轨道面缓慢进动情况下，当卫星绕最大主惯量轴自旋时，给出了自旋角速率取值范围表达式，在该取值范围内卫星自旋运动能够跟随轨道面一起进动，自旋轴以恒定的平均角速率进动，章动角在小范围内波动。建立的自旋姿态运动模型和分析结论可用于近地卫星姿态失控后的姿态确定和预测、在轨姿态设计及在轨备份等。     

一种空间目标高精度指向控制方法

针对空间动目标指向任务对卫星提出的高精度控制需求，研究了卫星星体/快反镜二级复合系统的指向控制问题，给出了一种空间运动目标高精度指向控制方法。首先，基于近圆轨道Clohessy Wiltshire方程获得追踪卫星与目标卫星的位置信息；然后，基于扩展Kalman滤波算法进行多信息融合确定追踪卫星姿态参数，并实时解算出追踪卫星载荷光轴与目标卫星的相对姿态，获得跟踪指向所需的方位角和俯仰角；最后，通过星体一级姿态控制和基于快反镜的载荷光轴二级指向控制，实现对目标卫星的快速、高精度指向。仿真结果表明，该方法可以在保证快速性的同时实现动态指向控制误差小于072″。该方法可以实现对空间目标的高精度指向控制，为未来空间中激光通信等航天任务提供技术支持。     

非合作失效航天器绳系拖曳系统研究

空间碎片的不断增加给人类航天活动的开展和在轨资产的安全造成严重威胁。在已经提出的多种空间碎片主动清除方式中，绳系拖曳（tethered space tug，TST）系统因有较好的应用前景而受到广泛关注。部分失效航天器因星上器件损坏且姿态控制系统异常，始终将姿态维持在某一特定指向，针对此类具有典型的非合作特征的大型空间碎片，开展绳系拖曳动力学与控制研究。将拖船和目标均视作刚体，用牛顿法建立了TST系统的动力学模型；根据目标姿态稳定方式分为自旋稳定和三轴稳定两种情况，开展了绳系拖曳动力学分析与控制设计，并考察了系绳在失效航天器表面连接点位置对系统稳定状态的影响。仿真结果表明，拖船和失效航天器会在系绳连接下表现出抗衡特点，最终系统会稳定在不同的均衡状态附近。此研究为安全清除尚有残余姿态控制能力的失效航天器中相关拖曳动力学与控制问题提供了参考。     

AIUB-CHAMP02S: The influence of GNSS model changes on gravity field recovery using spaceborne GPS

The gravity field model AIUB-CHAMP02S, which is based on six years of CHAMP GPS data, is presented here. The gravity field parameters were derived using a two step procedure: In a first step a kinematic trajectory of a low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellite is computed using the GPS data from the on-board receiver. In this step the orbits and clock corrections of the GPS satellites as well as the Earth rotation parameters (ERPs) are introduced as known. In the second step this kinematic orbit is represented by a gravitational force model and orbit parameters.     

星间链路联合磁测约束的低轨星座自主导航

为解决星座仅依靠星间链路测量进行自主导航时的整体旋转和漂移问题,提出一种星间链路联合磁测约束的低轨星座自主导航方法.通过星间观测相机和磁强计,获得同轨道相邻卫星视线矢量与地磁场方向之间的角距和地磁场模值,为低轨星座引入空间基准信息.在非秩亏性分析的基础上,分别建立状态方程和量测方程,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波方法进行整星座的最优状态估计.仿真结果表明,星座卫星自主导航位置精度优于20m,速度精度优于0.05m·s-1,自主导航运行时间维持180天,能够满足低轨卫星星座自主导航的应用需求.      

一种卫星天文自主定轨定姿方法研究

利用安装在卫星上的太阳敏感器和紫外敏感器测量出的卫星—太阳、卫星—地球和卫星一月球方向矢量，并利用雷达测高仪测出的地心距作为观测量，提出采用广义卡尔曼滤波方法实时地确定卫星绕地球飞行的轨道，同时确定出卫星的对地姿态．对自主定轨进行了数学仿真，分析比较了采样周期、轨道倾角、轨道偏心率和轨道高度等因素对定轨精度的影响．总结了其变化规律，该方法可用于提高卫星自主定轨精度．     

全球个人卫星移动通信系统

全球个人通信系统（ＰＣＳ）是一个发展中的新概念。１９９０年初开始提出利用静止轨道以外的其他轨道通信卫星的设想,最好是利用低轨道（ＬＥＯ）卫星。使用低轨道卫星就像把地面蜂窝网搬到天上,并能提供与之相仿的业务。文章评价了利用移动的和个人终端的通信卫星网;给出了未来低轨道卫星网的前景;对其中一些有关问题作了归纳。同时,描述了个人通信系统的功能性构成,并对一些网络的主要技术参数作表比较。     

联合北斗导航与星间链路的大椭圆卫星定轨方法

传统的地面测控和GNSS均无法实现HEO卫星全弧段的跟踪观测.在分析北斗导航信号及其星间链路信号对典型HEO的观测几何及覆盖特性的基础上,利用北斗导航及其星间链路对HEO测控支持形成互补的特点,提出了一种卫星导航与星间链路相结合的自主导航方法.对HEO定轨进行分段划分并基于EKF设计了卫星导航与星间链路数据融合定轨的自主导航算法.分析结果表明,本文提出的方法能够从全弧段上改善HEO的观测几何,定轨精度比仅使用卫星导航提高了2个数量级,并且仅需较少的星间链路资源.      

Onboard orbit determination using GPS observations based on the unscented Kalman filter

Spaceborne GPS receivers are used for real-time navigation by most low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. In general, the position and velocity accuracy of GPS navigation solutions without a dynamic filter are 25 m (1σ) and 0.5 m/s (1σ), respectively. However, GPS navigation solutions, which consist of position, velocity, and GPS receiver clock bias, have many abnormal excursions from the normal error range for space operation. These excursions lessen the accuracy of attitude control and onboard time synchronization. In this research, a new onboard orbit determination algorithm designed with the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) was developed to improve the performance. Because the UKF is able to obtain the posterior mean and covariance accurately by using the second-order Taylor series expansion through the sampled sigma points that are propagated by using the true nonlinear system, its performance can be better than that of the extended Kalman filter (EKF), which uses the linearized state transition matrix to predict the covariance. The dynamic models for orbit propagation applied perturbations due to the 40 × 40 geo-potential, the gravity of the Sun and Moon, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag. The 7(8)th-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration was applied for orbit propagation. Two types of observations, navigation solutions and C/A code pseudorange, can be used at the user’s discretion. The performances of the onboard orbit determination were verified using real GPS data of the CHAMP and KOMPSAT-2 satellites. The results of the orbit determination were compared with the precision orbit ephemeris (POE) of the CHAMP and KOMPSAT-2 satellites.     

微小卫星鲁棒自适应姿态确定算法

基于磁强计测量的微小卫星姿态确定系统中,由于状态方程和测量方程均为轨道参数的函数,因此在轨道估计存在误差的情况下,标准的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法（ExtendedKalmanFilter,EKF）并不能获得姿态的最优解。针对轨道确定误差对姿态确定的影响,基于自适应滤波及鲁棒估计原理,提出了鲁棒自适应卡尔曼滤波（RobustAdaptiveKalman Filter,RAKF）算法。该算法通过构建合理的膨胀因子和自适应因子,自动调节观测噪声方差矩阵和一步预测方差矩阵的大小,从而改变旧有数据及观测信息在滤波中的权重,获得更合理的卡尔曼增益,使滤波器获得近似最优结果。基于标准卡尔曼滤波的稳定性理论,证明了若系统一致完全可控并且一致完全可观,该滤波器是一致渐近稳定的。数学仿真表明,与EKF相比,RAKF能够将欧拉角估计精度从0.3°提高到0.2°,从而证明了该算法的有效性。     

近地卫星利用光学敏感器的自主导航方法

基于光学敏感器的卫星自主导航技术是利用红外地球敏感器（IRES）和星敏感器（ST）等姿态测量部件提供的测量信息,通过计算含有轨道信息的星光角距和地球视半径角,修正由轨道动力学模型递推得到的轨道参数。通过系统状态模型和观测模型的离散化和线性化,得到扩展卡尔曼滤波算法的递推关系,并在此基础上进行数学仿真。仿真结果表明,该方法的收敛速度和收敛精度都比较好。由于该方法不需要增加额外的星载敏感器,因此具有很好的应用前景。     

基于摄动轨道的卫星自主天文导航仿真研究

针对星光折射间接敏感地平的卫星自主天文导航方法 ,利用推广的卡尔曼滤波方法进行仿真研究。为了准确建立运动模型 ,在系统方程中引入了非球形地球引力中的二阶带谐项 ;在考虑具有指数密度的球状分层大气的基础上 ,建立了以星光视高度为观测量的量测方程。在建立了推广的卡尔曼滤波方程后 ,文章进行了计算机仿真 ,并对仿真结果进行了详细的误差分析 ,结果表明基于摄动轨道的星光折射间接敏感地平的卫星自主天文导航方法能取得较高的导航精度     

基于脉冲星和紫外敏感器的自主定轨定姿授时研究

为提高深空探测器的自主导航能力, 利用脉冲星导航的脉冲到达时间和脉冲星 角位置测量值、紫外敏感器中心天体质心相对于探测器的方向矢量和距离测量 值以及紫外敏感器输出的航天器姿态角, 以探测器在惯性坐标系下的位置和速度、 探测器本体坐标系相对于惯性坐标系的姿态角、星载时钟钟差为系统状态变量, 通过联邦扩展卡尔曼滤波器估计组合导航系统的系统状态, 并利用火星环绕段 轨道数据进行仿真实验. 仿真结果表明, 该组合导航方法能够使火星轨道器 在环绕段飞行中同时进行定轨、定姿和授时, 且具有较高的导航精度和授时能力.      

低轨飞行器利用GPS定轨的算法研究

详细讨论了低轨飞行器利用ＧＰＳ系统定轨的原理和方法。分析了低轨飞行器选星时应考虑的问题,并根据导航星及用户模型进行了选星试验;探讨了利用最小二乘法进行解算定轨;详细分析了卡尔曼滤波算法,针对低轨飞行器提出了一个九状态卡尔曼滤波模型,并在此基础上进行了仿真模拟计算。另外,根据用户对电源能量和可靠性的特殊要求,提出了一种比较实用的定轨方法。仿真结果表明,提出的方法在精度上满足用户的要求,适合于工程实际应用。     

A deorbiter CubeSat for active orbital debris removal

This paper introduces a mission concept for active removal of orbital debris based on the utilization of the CubeSat form factor. The CubeSat is deployed from a carrier spacecraft, known as a mothership, and is equipped with orbital and attitude control actuators to attach to the target debris, stabilize its attitude, and subsequently move the debris to a lower orbit where atmospheric drag is high enough for the bodies to burn up. The mass and orbit altitude of debris objects that are within the realms of the CubeSat’s propulsion capabilities are identified. The attitude control schemes for the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission are specified. The objective of the deorbiting maneuver is to decrease the semi-major axis of the debris orbit, at the fastest rate, from its initial value to a final value of about 6471?km (i.e., 100?km above Earth considering a circular orbit) via a continuous low-thrust orbital transfer. Two case studies are investigated to verify the performance of the deorbiter CubeSat during the detumbling and deorbiting phases of the mission. The baseline target debris used in the study are the decommissioned KOMPSAT-1 satellite and the Pegasus rocket body. The results show that the deorbiting times for the target debris are reduced significantly, from several decades to one or two years.     

Characteristics and accuracies of the GRACE inter-satellite pointing

For almost 10 years, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has provided information about the Earth gravity field with unprecedented accuracy. Efforts are ongoing to approach the GRACE baseline accuracy as there still remains an order of magnitude between the present error level of the gravity field solutions and the GRACE baseline. At the current level of accuracy, thorough investigation of sensor related effects is necessary as they are one of the potential contributors to the error budget. In the science mode operations, the twin satellites are kept precisely pointed with their KBR antennas towards each other. It is the task of the onboard attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) to keep the satellites in the required formation. We analyzed long time series of the inter-satellite pointing variations as they reflect the AOCS performance and characteristics. We present significant systematic effects in the inter-satellite pointing and discuss their possible sources. Prominent features are especially related to the magnetic torquer characteristics, star cameras’ performance and KBR antenna calibration parameters. The relation between the magnetic torquer attitude control and the Earth magnetic field, impact of the different performance of the two star camera heads on the attitude control and the features due to uncertainties in the calibration parameters relating the star camera frame to K-frame are discussed in detail. Proper understanding of these effects will help to reduce their impact on the science data and subsequently increase the accuracy of the gravity field solutions. Moreover, understanding the complexity of the onboard system is essential not only for increasing the accuracy of the GRACE data but also for the development of the future gravity field satellite missions.     

Real-time sensor fault detection and isolation for LEO satellite attitude estimation through magnetometer data

Attitude estimation is a critical component of the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) of any satellite. It is used to convert the sensor observation data to an estimated attitude using filtering algorithms. However, in the presence of sensor faults, the ADCS fails to achieve the desired attitude accuracy. In this paper, the Fault Tolerant Extended Kalman Filter (FTEKF) is proposed to handle this imperfection. In accordance, various filtering steps are included in the FTEKF design to enhance both attitude estimation and sensor fault detection. The developed algorithm can detect and isolate any unexpected sensor faults in real time, which provides a reliable attitude estimation. A comparative study with the classical and robust Kalman filters is performed through numerical simulations in order to validate the effectiveness of the adopted filter in case of magnetometer fault data.     

基于TLE的Starlink星座第一阶段部署情况分析

近年来,随着卫星技术的快速发展和低轨（low earth orbit,LEO）卫星宽带互联网建设需求的不断增加,低轨大规模星座发展日新月异。针对Starlink星座初始化部署问题,首先论述了“星链”（Starlink）星座现状,分析在轨卫星高度变化。然后利用公开的两行轨道根数（two-line element,TLE）,从卫星发射入轨、轨道面分布两个方面,简要分析了Starlink星座的部署情况,给出升交点的变化规律;同时仿真分析了Starlink星座对地面的覆盖性能。最后,给出星座轨道面和相位分布、故障卫星处置以及可见卫星数量。所分析的结果以期为中国未来部署大规模LEO星座的建设提供借鉴。